And Yet They Stay Silent 

Now that Donald Trump is no longer president, I often don’t feel the need to pay as much close attention to him as I once did during those nightmare four years in office. Although he has announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election, I still remain wary. Since I still remember how we all underestimated him during the 2016 election campaign to our great detriment. If there’s one thing I don’t want to see in my life, it’s seeing another Trump presidency. Even though their disastrous showing in the 2022 midterm elections have led the Republican Party to reevaluate their relationship with Trump, we must not rejoice that they’ve turned away from their cult leader completely. Even if the GOP establishment has, the fact I still see Trump signs within my area shows that he still has his loyal fans and still has influence. Besides, whenever Trump says or does something that hurts the GOP’s image, most Republican politicians will do this dance where they’ll openly condemn Trump for his inexcusable conduct or try to distance themselves from him. Only to keep crawling back to him once they believe the scandal has gone away. And if Trump does well enough to win the GOP primary in 2024, I can guarantee that the Republicans will have his back. 

On Saturday, December 3, 2022, Donald Trump for the termination of the US Constitution to overturn the 2020 election and reinstate him to power. Writing on his personal bully pulpit Truth Social, Trump said, “Do you throw the Presidential Election Results of 2020 OUT and declare the RIGHTFUL WINNER, or do you have a NEW ELECTION? A Massive Fraud of this type and magnitude allows for the termination of all rules, regulations, and articles, even those found in the Constitution. Our great ‘Founders’ did not want, and would not condone, False & Fraudulent Elections!” According to CNN, Trump’s post came after a release of internal Twitter emails showing deliberation in 2020 over a New York Post story about material found on Hunter Biden’s laptop. But really, who gives a shit about Hunter Biden’s laptop besides right wing news outlets and their viewers? For God’s sake the only thing about Hunter Biden’s laptop that I care about is when I’ll stop hearing about it. Nevertheless, when a public figure calls to do away with foundational blueprint to our democracy, we absolutely need to take that person seriously. Particularly if that figure is a former president who once swore to preserve, protect, and defend that very document. Especially if that former president has been willing to pander to white supremacists, undermine decades of political precedents and democratic norms while in office, refused to accept the results of a presidential election two years ago that he’s still bitching about, constantly pushes conspiracy theories to his cadre of cult followers who’d believe anything he says, and incited violent insurrection at the US Capitol in an attempt to overthrow the federal government. Not to mention, stole thousands of classified documents away to Mar-a-Lago, which spurred an FBI raid on the resort this summer. And certainly if that former president still has supporters to make Republican politicians hesitant to take a cue from Liz Cheney on January 6 and ditch Trump for good.  

I am not surprised that Donald Trump believes in ditching the US Constitution in order to overturn the 2020 presidential election and have his own power reinstated. The man is a textbook, narcissistic psychopath who believes he’s above the law as well as not bound to the same rules and norms as everyone else. Not to mention, sees the world as his personal playground where he can do whatever the fuck he wants and profit from it. Nor does he believe that he should be held accountable for his very egregious actions. Besides, back in 2016, I wrote a blog post on why you shouldn’t vote for Trump. Among the reasons I listed were that he has no respect for America, its values, or its people. Not to mention, linked to US enemies and dictators and had his campaign tamper with the political process. Nor does he have any respect for American democracy or the rule of law. You might think I might’ve sounded alarmist at the time. However, what has transpired since Trump won the presidency during that dark November of 2016 has unfortunately confirmed that I was absolutely right. When Trump solemnly swore to preserve, protect, and defend the US Constitution during his inauguration, I knew that was all a sham. Because Trump is a man with no conscience who will always put his own interests first, including that of the country’s. Always was. Always will be. Now that he’s subject to multiple criminal investigations, the January 6 Committee has convened, the FBI has raided Mar-a-Lago, and Congress can now look into his tax returns, Trump is trying to use his influence over the Republican rank-and-file to evade facing accountability for his egregious actions. Especially since the Trump Organization has been found guilty of all counts of tax fraud and financial crimes. And the fact he’s willing to do away with the very foundation to our national government in order to be president again and do whatever the hell he wants with no consequence. 

Nonetheless, covering Donald Trump when he spouts such fascist rants like this is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it gives him more time airtime in the news media which will only boost his notoriety and possibly support among voters. The last thing we need right now is another major Trump media circus just so he can spend more time in the spotlight. Especially since he’s still a clear and present danger to our American democracy as well as still has his cult of deplorables and the Republican Party behind him. On the other hand, Trump is such a powerful and destructive influence in our politics and our country that we can’t just turn a blind eye towards all the egregious shit he says and does. Especially when public knowledge of all the horrible stuff he’s said and done will usually be the only lasting consequence he’ll ever receive. Given that he’s a rich psychopath who never learns his lessons or doesn’t care about anyone or anything but himself. While he’ll often use all the power and privileges his wealth gives him to escape from any consequences that come his way. And especially if his words and actions have inflicted very real damage on our democracy, our public discourse, and our way of life. To ignore him only enables him to get away with his shit and at the American people’s expense.  

Fortunately, the Biden White House treated such incendiary comments with a quick and decisive response. On that very day, White House spokesman Andrew Bates stated:  

“The American Constitution is a sacrosanct document that for over 200 years has guaranteed that freedom and the rule of law prevail in our great country. The Constitution brings the American people together – regardless of party – and elected leaders swear to uphold it. It’s the ultimate monument to all of the Americans who have given their lives to defeat self-serving despots that abused their power and trampled on fundamental rights. Attacking the Constitution and all it stands for is anathema to the soul of our nation and should be universally condemned. You cannot only love America when you win.”  

In other words, to call for the termination of something so sacred and foundational to what our nation is nothing short of a national heresy. Do away with the US Constitution, then you might as well do away with everything America stands for.  If not, then America itself. And such a statement deserves nothing less than universal condemnation regardless of what side you’re on. Or whether you win an election or not. 

Democratic leaders were also quick to condemn Donald Trump’s remarks. Senate Majority leader Chuck Schumer told reporters, “If America doesn’t extricate itself from Donald Trump and his MAGA ideology, it will undercut our American way of life.” Meaning that as long as support for Trump and Trumpism is deemed acceptable within American society, the cancer of Trump and Trumpism will continue to undermine American democracy and the public discourse. As someone who’s had to put up with people in her life and community who support this fucking piece of shit, I couldn’t agree more. In many respects, to support Donald Trump is to accept the unacceptable, the excuse the inexcusable, to defend the indefensible, to believe the unbelievable, and to deny the undeniable. That was true back in 2016. And it remains true to this day. Since Trump became the GOP’s standard bearer, he has made it a party without basic principles aside from white supremacy, unfettered capitalism, unchecked dominance by corporations and the 1%, gutting social programs, unionbusting and eroding workers’ rights, and the ever-empty pursuit of retaining and expanding political power. Their allegiance to Trump has rotted GOP standards of acceptable behavior from politicians, empowered some of the worst elements of our society, and has allowed deeply repugnant notions spread to the mainstream. And even when Trump says or does something beyond the pale, Republicans might rebuke him and hope the matter quietly goes away so they can silently crawl back to him.  

However, when it came to Republican politicians, only Wyoming Representative Liz Cheney issued a statement, tweeting, “Donald Trump believes we should terminate ‘all rules, regulations and articles, even those found in the Constitution’ to overturn the 2020 election. That was his view on 1/6 and remains his view today. No honest person can now deny that Trump is an enemy of the Constitution.” Now I may not support Cheney’s politics, but I think it’s a shame that she’s seen as a hero. Instead of a normal politician who’s fulfilling basic expectations relating to her job. Sure, Cheney’s willingness to denounce Trump after the January 6 insurrection on the US Capitol was certainly brave. But it shouldn’t have been. Nor should her vote to impeach Trump a second time and her vice chairmanship of the January 6 Committee. And none of what she’s done since January 6 should’ve alienated her from her party’s establishment and cost her a congressional seat to a primary challenger. Because when a president incites an attempted coup on the US government, a politician is supposed to break with that leader and put their country first. Doesn’t matter if that president leads their own party. Nor how popular and influential he is within your party’s ranks. A politician’s foremost duty is to the Constitution and the American people. Not their party establishment and not their voters. And yet, Cheney’s considered a hero mainly because most of her Republican colleagues haven’t done the same. In fact, most have done what they could to ensure that Trump won’t be held accountable for his actions on January 6, the exact opposite of what they should. All because they want to retain and expand their political power.  

The only other sharp condemnation comes from Illinois Representative Adam Kinzinger, tweeting, “With the former President calling to throw aside the constitution, not a single conservative can legitimately support him, and not a single supporter can be called a conservative. This is insane. Trump hates the Constitution.” Although he hasn’t been primaried like fellow January 6 committee member Liz Cheney, he’s retiring from Congress. Because his stance against Donald Trump over January 6 has pissed of his own constituents who’d almost certainly replace him with a primary challenger if he ran for reelection. And he’s closer to my age than hers. Had it not been for Trump and January 6, he would’ve had a long promising political career ahead of him. Instead, his political career’s been cut short in his prime, which is a damn shame. All because he put his country over his own party. All because he opposes Trump. Still, Kinzinger is absolutely right.  Although to fair, Trump has always hated the Constitution whenever it doesn’t let him get his way. Also, his affinity for dictators makes it pretty clear that he’s a fascist authoritarian who dreams about being an autocratic president who do whatever the hell he likes without question or consequence. Especially if it means crushing political opposition with an iron fist. And yet, other Republicans remain silent. 

Incoming Democratic House leader Hakeem Jeffries told George Stephanopoulos on This Week, “The Republicans are gonna have to work out their issues with the former president and decide whether they’re gonna break from him and return to some semblance of reasonableness or continue to lean into the extremism, not just of Trump, but of Trumpism. Suspending the Constitution is an extraordinary step, but we’re used to extraordinary statements being made by the former president.” Unfortunately, his statement proves to be just prophetic. While many of the Republicans have and will issue mild condemnations for fear of Donald Trump’s political clout and retaliation from his most violent supporters. For many of them speaking against Trump will only incur the wrath of the conservative constituents who’ll rally behind a Trump-supporting primary challenger. Sure, Republicans blame Trump for their 2022 lackluster performance in the mid-terms, but he’s still the party’s central figure. And many people in my area still have their Trump signs out on their lawns in full display. So don’t tell me that the Republican establishment has finally turned their backs on him for good. Because once you think they have, they keep crawling back They may condemn Trump for inciting January 6. But don’t be surprised if you see Representative Kevin McCarthy pictured with the guy at Mar-a-Lago only a month later.  

Aside from Cheney and Kinzinger, the toughest Republican response came from Ohio Congressman Mike Turner who “There is a political process that has to go forward before anybody is a frontrunner or anybody is even the candidate for the party. I believe people certainly are going to take into consideration a statement like this as they evaluate a candidate.” Although Turner suggests Republicans will take Trump’s incendiary fascist remarks into consideration and throw their support behind an alternative candidate. Unfortunately, guess who else had the naïve idea that voters wouldn’t seriously vote for Trump for the presidency? This girl back in 2016. Also, even though Trump’s popularity may not be what it used to be in the Republican Party, he’s got millions of supporters still willing to vote for him. But a more typical response comes from Ohio Congressman David Joyce whose answers frustrated George Stephanopoulos to no end. When Stephanopoulos pressed Joyce to disavow someone who openly wants to overthrow the US Constitution, he told him not to worry about it. “He says a lot of things,” the congressman said of Trump. “But that doesn’t mean that it’s ever going to happen. So you got to [separate] fact from fantasy—and fantasy is that we’re going to suspend the Constitution and go backward.” Uh, didn’t he incite an insurrection on the US Capitol in order to overturn the 2020 presidential election results? What makes you think that he won’t at least try to suspend the US Constitution? Although I agree there are times we shouldn’t take Trump’s words too seriously, whenever he suggests a possible overthrow of the US government isn’t one of them. Because he’s tried that before on January 6. And when Stephanopoulos asked Joyce the ever-famous question of whether he’d support Trump in 2024, he replied “I will support whoever the Republican nominee is.” Unfortunately, Trump is the current front-runner and from how he campaigns, he’s likely to remain so.  

And yet, incoming House Speaker Kevin McCarthy remains silent. Mainly because disavowing Donald Trump might cost him his party’s leadership position in the House. Bad enough that five of those Republicans in the incoming majority said they won’t vote for McCarthy because he doesn’t kiss Trump’s ass enough. Even though I’d consider showing up at Mar-a-Lago within a few weeks after condemning the January 6 insurrection as Trumpish enough. That may be enough to deny the overall majority he needs. Also, during the GOP leadership balloting 31 other Republicans voted against McCarthy’s candidacy. All were Trumpers. The fact that so many Republicans don’t want McCarthy as their leader because he doesn’t love Trump enough says all you need to know about the Republican Party’s relationship with that fucking piece of shit. Not only that, but a recent poll by Marquette Law School shows that 32% of Americans view him favorably.  

Nonetheless, the fact Republicans and a sizeable contingent of the American public still stick with Donald Trump despite all the things he’s said and done is deeply damaging to our country. It’s one thing to just turn a blind eye to Trump’s incendiary rhetoric suggesting to overthrow the government. But it’s another to continuously obstruct efforts to investigate and bring justice to what happened on January 6, 2021. All just to stay in Trump’s base’s good graces and remain in power. Even more infuriating is that thanks to Trump’s influence on the GOP, just merely stating that this fucking piece of shit is responsible for January 6 will absolutely ruin any Thanksgiving dinner. Which is a shame because a terrorist attack on the US Capitol should’ve been able to unite the country against Trump. And even though Republicans are starting realize that their cult leader is a political liability after the 2022 midterms, don’t expect the GOP to bolt just yet. Sure, they may not be thrilled that he’s running for president for a third time. But he’s the current front-runner and we must not expect him to lose the GOP’s full support if he should remain if he should become their party’s nominee. Still, the fact that the GOP by and large has chosen what they believe what’s best for themselves over what’s best for the country is a national shame. And it doesn’t help there are currently January 6 insurrectionists holding elected office or were even allowed to stand in the midterms like Doug Mastriano. Now Trump calls for another coup and yet, Republicans remain silent.  

Now I may not live in the most liberal area in Pennsylvania. Far from it, in fact. However, my own feelings toward Donald Trump and his loyalists have only intensified. I understand this is a free country. However, the fact people still support this fucking piece of shit despite his presidency being a living nightmare, his role inciting the January 6 insurrection at the US Capitol, and his calls to terminate the US Constitution only makes me deeply appalled. Especially if they believe the Big Lie or embrace any batshit Qanon conspiracy theories. As much as I want to give them the benefit of the doubt, their continued support for their cult leader has only inspired me to look upon them with disdain and disrespect. Apparently, after all what Trump has said and done, I can no longer be sure whether anyone supporting this either understands what siding with the guy entails or simply doesn’t care. Nonetheless, the fact people in my community still support this fucking piece of shit, some even passionately, makes me want to storm onto a podium in front of a large crowd of MAGAts and scream into the microphone:  

“What the fuck is wrong with you? Do you have any idea of what this fucking piece of shit has said and done since 2016? Do you know what supporting this unrespectable man says about you? May not mean that you’re willing to storm the US Capitol. But that even inciting an attempted coup of the US government isn’t enough to convince you that he nowhere near the flag-hugging patriot he portrays himself to be. And you still side with this traitor who called for this attack on our nation’s lawmakers and representatives all in order to overturn an election that he didn’t win. And yet, you still support him, sometimes believing his brazen lies and manipulations. Well, if you still stick with him despite his clear disdain for American democracy when it turns against him, either your patriotism is just as much a sham or you’re a fool to his myriad of political con games. Either way, I’ve had enough of you seeing this narcistic psychopath as your hero while the United States suffers for his sins. And if you can’t see your dear leader as the clear and present danger to America he is, then you have no right to question my patriotism. Especially if your allegiance to him above all else makes me question yours.” 

The Marcellus Shale and the Fracking Myth 

Disclaimer: This essay contains spoilers from The Trouble at Deacon Hill

My recently published novel The Trouble at Deacon Hill revolves around a reporter and blogger investigating a natural gas company following a well explosion on a farm in Southwestern Pennsylvania. At first, you’d think it’s a freak accident that eventually got out of hand. However, as Pittsburgh Clarion Call reporter Marie Franco and blogger Claudia Cruces dig deeper into the disaster and Padraic Resources, they gradually discover how much messed up the state natural gas industry in Pennsylvania is.  

Now not all of what I say in Deacon Hill is true. For instance, gas companies don’t hire security contractors to kill off people to silence them, preferring legal bullying tactics instead. Nor would a gas company be based in Greensburg skyscraper as no such building exists. As most are based out of state, particularly in places like Texas. But a lot of what I wrote about the gas industry in the novel does and has happened. The Mallowvitch case was based on the stories of Stephanie Hallowich and her neighbor Ron Gullah. The Harnett case was based on few cases relating to farms that I combined. Gallagher’s Crossing’s debacle took inspiration from Range Resources’ clash with the town of Mount Pleasant (within Washington County, PA for those close to me to avoid confusion with the one in Westmoreland County). While I based the Highland Town pipeline blast on one that happened in 2016 in Salem Township while I was writing the book. The PSYOPs stuff is also based on Range Resources doing just that.  

What inspired me to write Deacon Hill was my experience with the gas industry in my neighborhood. Although nothing catastrophic happened aside from a creek bridge collapse on my road that nearly shut it down for over a year, no one got rich on it. In fact, the money was only a trickle from what the natural gas industry said it would be. The gas boom didn’t create many jobs. As of June 2021, most of the gas wells in my neck of the woods have ceased operation. And yet, during that time, I could remember Range Resources really selling the scheme that fracking’s safe, will bring money landowners, and much needed jobs to our state and region. Despite that I knew the image they convey in these TV ad spots was pure bullshit. Sure, the natural gas industry might’ve brought some benefit to Pennsylvania. But not a high cost to our infrastructure and environment that natural gas drilling may not be worth it. In addition to partly basing my novel on my gas land experiences while both in high school and college, I also conducted extensive research on fracking, leasing, royalties, working conditions, accidents, and politics. It’s very clear that PA’s natural gas industry wasn’t nearly as rosy as what Range Resources conveyed in its commercials. 

Since 2014, hydraulically fractured horizontal wells have accounted for the majority of new oil and natural gas wells developed in the United States, surpassing all drilling techniques. By 2016, nearly 70% of the country’s 977,000 producing oil and gas wells were horizontally drilled and fracked. The fracking boom that started during my high school and college days, is largely credited with making the US a top natural gas and crude oil producer in the world. And as fracking becomes more efficient (with fewer rigs generating greater output) and enable access to more of the country’s fossil fuel reserves, the trend’s expected to continue. With approximately 3/5 of the state atop the Marcellus Shale play, Pennsylvania is only second to Texas in producing natural gas, generating nearly 1/5 of US supply in 2017. In 2018, the Delaware River Basin (watershed spanning parts of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware) was marked off-limits to fracking. Although threats to drinking water and the environment still remain since some proposed regulations would still allow disposal of fracking wastewater in the watershed. Meanwhile, statewide concern about fracking hazards has mounted in recent years. According to a 2018 poll, 55% of Pennsylvanians believe fracking’s potential environmental risks outweigh its potential economic benefits. And in some cases, like in Deacon Hill, Pennsylvania has already seen fracking’s risks play out with drinking water contamination and air pollution. 

*** 

During the 2020 presidential election, due to Pennsylvania’s status as a critical swing state, a series of pro-Trump ads tried to scare people into thinking Joe Biden would ban fracking. Although it’s not true, a fracking ban wouldn’t be catastrophic for Pennsylvania. And no, the state wouldn’t lose over 600,000 jobs over it. However, what got me about these ads wasn’t just the message, but how fracking advocates keep selling a fantasy. Despite any benefit fracking has for the state, the natural gas industry is nowhere near the godsend fracking advocates claim. In some cases, whether through fracking, inadequate infrastructure, disasters, politics, and so much more, the natural gas industry has become the bane of a community’s existence. 

In these pro-Trump fracking ads from 2020, working the gas fields is just another day at the office. Gas workers get up, get ready, kiss and wife and kids goodbye, work an 8-hour shift, and return to their quaint single-family homes by dinner time. Sure, it’s a nice portrait but that’s not a typical day for most gas workers. Far from it. For one, as 2019, that natural gas industry has created 24,000 to 40,000 jobs. Secondly, as in most extractive economy despite what nostalgia might tell us about the bygone industrial days in the Rust Belt, natural gas isn’t a stable industry. Rather, it creates boom and bust cycles while producers often can’t survive without state money. Third, most gas workers in PA come from out of state and most don’t plan to stay. They don’t buy houses. They don’t bring their families. Thus, a gas worker residing in a single-family home is way less likely than say, a nearby hotel or an on-site trailer with a few other guys. Maybe even a shipping container. Nor do they always work at the same site beyond a few weeks or months. Once their work is done, they leave for the next project. Thus, rendering the prospect of any permanent residence moot.  

Most importantly, while fracking jobs may pay up to $50,000 a year, gas workers’ lives absolutely suck. Weeks and months away from their families aside, life in the gas fields isn’t worth the paycheck. While gas workers are supposed to work 8-hours days on paper, they’re usually the exception than the norm in practice. Most work beyond that, sometimes non-stop for over 24 hours, which doesn’t do favors in regards to sleep. Not to mention, many gas companies don’t pay overtime for those extra hours, an issue many legal websites explain in great detail. Considering that such work involves operating and fixing heavy machinery, contending with slippery surfaces, working on multiple platforms, and a high-pressure work environment, it’s a set up for disaster. In addition, many gas workers are young and inexperienced with such site equipment because their employers don’t take the time to properly train them. It’s no wonder gas pads are often ripe for routine workplace accidents consisting of slips and falls, machinery malfunctions and human error, explosions and fires, falling objects causing death or injury, and exposure to hazardous chemicals. Such incidents can cause serious injuries like broken bones, skull fractures, brain injuries, amputations, burns, and even death. Gas companies have a reputation in covering many of these accidents up. In addition, it’s not uncommon for a single drill pad to have workers from multiple companies, adding to difficulties in coordination. Oh, and given that they often can’t unionize, gas workers can’t address their grievances to the boss without the risk of getting fired. 

*** 

Of course, there’s fracking, which receives the most attention in regards to natural gas drilling as it’s been the most contentious. Short for hydraulic fracturing, fracking comprises of blasting chemicals and massive amounts of water into a drilling borehole at high enough pressures crack into the seemingly impenetrable rock formations. Such blasting is supposed to open the fissures and allow the trapped gas to flow up to the surface. The most contentious part of this process is in the fluid, namely, what’s in it. According to the NRDC, this consists of 97% water, along with chemical additives and proppants (small, solid particles used to keep fractures open in the rock after the injection pressure subsides). Most states with oil and gas production have rules requiring chemical disclosure in regards to fracking. However, those rules often contain exclusions for “confidential business information (CBI), which gas companies can use to shield chemical identities considered trade secrets. When the EPA examined more than 39,000 chemical disclosure forms submitted to FracFocus from January 2011 to February 2013, more than 70% of them listed at one CBI chemical. While 11% of all fracking chemicals were labeled as such. 

So what chemicals are used in fracking? Well, they use different chemicals for different purposes according to rock type and other fracking site specifics. Acids dissolve minerals to help fossil fuels flow more easily. Biocides kill bacteria. Gelling agents help proppants into fractures. Corrosion inhibitors prevent the well’s steel parts from fracking fluid damage. The EPA has identified 1,084 chemicals used in fracking formulas between 2005 and 2013. Many of them are considered hazardous to human health. While the potential human health impacts on most of them are simply unknown as of June 2021. As California scientists could only find complete information about environmental and health risks available for one-third of fracking chemicals used in their state drilling operations. As for proppants, sand is the fracking industry’s favorite, particularly “frac sand” containing high purity quartz with its round shape, uniform size, and crush resistance. A single frack operation can truck thousands of tons of this stuff with 70% of this stuff coming from the Great Lakes region, particularly in Wisconsin and Minnesota which doubled their sand mines between 2005 and 2013. 

As fracking charged ahead between the mid to late 2000s to the early Tens, research into how safe it is for human health and the environment hasn’t kept pace. Many questions remain about the process’ dangers. While mounting evidence raises serious red flags about fracking’s impact on drinking water, air pollution, and our climate. In any drilling operation, anywhere from 1.5 to 16 million gallons of water can be used to frack a single well, depending on the type of well and rock formation. Water used in fracking is typical fresh water taken from ground and surface water resources. Although there are increasing efforts to use nonpotable water, some of these sources also supply drinking water. Even at this rate, US frack water consumption is still considered “negligible” compared to other industrial water uses (like cooling coal-fired power plants). And yet, fracking operations can strain resources in areas where freshwater supplies for drinking, irrigation, and aquatic ecosystems are scarce (often becoming scarcer thanks to climate change). Without extensive treatment, water used in fracking is too contaminated to return to its source. So, it’s typically removed from the freshwater cycle and disposed deep underground. 

Because I live in Pennsylvania where it rains all the time during the summer, I didn’t get into the water supply depletion in Deacon Hill. But it’s a key point to consider if you live out in the West where fracking might lead to water shortages and rationing within many communities. And I’m sure the infrastructure to treat the frack water is often nonexistent or inadequate. Nonetheless, water amounts used in frack jobs has grown over time, exacerbating fracking’s effect on water supplies. A Duke University analysis found that while US producers scaled back on installing new wells between 2011 and 2016, frack water usage has surged. For instance, within the already drought-ridden Permian Basin region in West Texas, frack water usage during those years increased by as much as 770%. While the amount of wastewater generated during a well’s first production year increased by as much as 1,440% during the study period. The authors even predicted that some regions could expect local fracking operations’ water footprint to increase by up to 50-fold by 2030. And if you live in the West Texas Permian Basin region, the average fracking job in 2016 used 10.5 million gallons of water. That’s enough to fill about 16 Olympic-sized swimming pools.  

Not only do fracking operations strain water resources, but also risk polluting them as well. Although a 2016 EPA analysis found that while large data gaps and uncertainties make it difficult to fully assess fracking’s impact on drinking water, fracking operations can and do affect water quality. Activities posing the biggest threats include spills, fracking fluid leaks, injecting fluids into inadequately built wells, and poor wastewater management practices. 

Spills and leaks can occur throughout the fracking process, whether during transport of concentrated chemical additives, mixing and pumping fracking fluids along with storage, and transportation and disposal of used fracking fluid and wastewater. Both human error and equipment failure can cause these. According to the EPA, some spills are known to reach surface water resources. An analysis from the agency on 11 state spill reports revealed 151 fracking fluid spills between 2006 and 2012, with nearly 10% of them (ranging from 28 to 7,350 gallons) winding up in creeks, streams, or other bodies of water. For many reasons, it’s difficult to measure the full impact, particularly since the spilled fracking fluid’s chemical makeup may be unknown or poorly described. While the spill’s fracking fluid and impacts aren’t typically studied. We should also keep in mind that natural gas and oil companies are known to cover up many of their accidents so the EPA’s going on the spills the states know about, which may only be a fraction of how many of these happen. 

In any natural gas fracking operation, gas wells must be properly constructed to withstand intense temperature and pressure fluctuations. Otherwise, a well may be damaged, which can possibly result in a gas or fracking fluid leak. For instance, the EPA faulted burst casings (steel pipes used to construct wells) in a 2010 fracking fluid leakage into wells used to monitor water quality in Killdeer, North Dakota. A study of 133 suspected drinking water contamination cases in Pennsylvania and Texas pointed to faulty well construction as the likely reason behind some methane pollution cases. Also, when Atlas and Chevron drilled in my neighborhood, I can remember the drill sites being active for 24/7 during the whole operation. In addition, we should keep in mind that the workers might be poorly trained, probably haven’t slept for hours, and may have to deal with people from different companies. I’m sure faulty well construction happens far more often than most people think.  

Fractured rock formations are another issue as operators can’t control where they occur. When a fracture extends further than intended, it can link up with a naturally occurring fault, other natural and manmade fractures, or other wells. Then it might carry fluids to other geological formations, including potentially, drinking water supplies. A larger concern, according to the EPA, is the lack of data on how close induced fractures are to underground aquifers. Thus, in its 2016 assessment, the EPA couldn’t 100% determine whether fractures could reach underground drinking water resources. Although most fracked rock formations are often thousands of feet away from aquifers, in some cases, fracking can occur within a drinking water resources’ vicinity. While drinking water’s generally shallower than gas underground, there are no geological barriers separating the two. Some private drinking water wells have experienced contamination from methane and other chemicals escaping from surface pits used to store wastewater or from improperly constructed wells. Although it’s difficult to determine the contamination source. 

Each year, fracking operations within the oil and gas industry generates billions of gallons of wastewater, a potentially hazardous mixture of flowback (used fracking fluid), produced water (naturally occurring water released with oil and gas), and any number of naturally occurring contaminants ranging from heavy metals, salts, toxic hydrocarbons like benzene to radioactive metals like uranium. In addition to gas wells, I also live near a toxic waste dump (although that’s further out near Yukon). During the gas boom, the dump stopped taking fracking waste on account of it being too radioactive. Still, this wastewater can enter and contaminate the environment in a variety of ways. This can happen when transported such as in 2015 North Dakota pipeline break that spilled about 3 million gallons of contaminants into a nearby creek. In addition, in Deacon Hill, I point to how wastewater’s stored in aboveground pits that can spill, leak, and emit air pollution. While wastewater treatment facilities don’t have the means to properly handle pollutants found in fracking waste, which can release contaminants into surface water. This was the case in Monongahela. Even recycling wastewater poses a threat, generating concentrated waste products including a by-product called TENFORM (technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material), which must be properly managed. There also must be proper treatment for recycled wastewater for its intended end use. When gas companies don’t fully disclose all chemical contents, this is a challenging process. 

But water contamination isn’t the only thing to worry about in regards to fracking. Air pollution is also a serious problem threatening nearby communities’ health. Significant sources of air pollution are flaring (a controlled burn used for testing, safety, and waste-management purposes), venting (the direct release of gas into the atmosphere), leaking, combustion, and release of contaminants throughout natural gas production, processing, transmission, and distribution. Natural gas mostly consists of a potent greenhouse gas called methane that traps 80 times as much heat as climate change poster boy, carbon dioxide. When gas is flared, vented, or accidentally leaked, it accelerates costly health impacts of climate change. Oil and gas operations like fracking also release numerous toxic air pollutants like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; fine particulate matter (PM2.5); hydrogen sulfide; silica dust; and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. When combined, these all produce smog. In rural northeastern Utah, researchers estimated that the amount of smog-forming compounds coming from oil and gas production each year was equivalent to 100 million car emissions. Exposure to these air pollutants can result in a broad range of health effects ranging from mild to severe respiratory and neurological problems, cardiovascular damage, endocrine disruption, birth defects, cancer, and premature mortality. Meanwhile, oil and gas workers face even greater risks from on-site exposure to toxic chemicals and other airborne materials including silica in frack sand, which can lead to lung disease and cancer when inhaled. 

As with other oil and gas operations, fracking involves intense industrial development. With well pads, access roads, pipelines, and utility corridors, you also get intense, round-the-clock noise, nighttime floodlights, and truck traffic. In addition to potentially polluting local water and air resources, this vast web of infrastructure can fragment forests and rural landscapes while degrading important wildlife habitats. Fish die when fracking fluid contaminates streams and rivers. Chemicals in wastewater ponds poison birds. While the intense industrial development accompanying fracking pushes imperiled animals out of wild areas they need to survive. In more arid regions like the west, fracking could mean less water for fish and wildlife as well. Not to mention, fracking can also lead to further disintegration of our already degrading infrastructure. Too many tanker trucks can lead to a small bridge collapse. While most water treatment facilities aren’t adequately equipped to treat fracking wastewater.  

*** 

And yet, working conditions and fracking are only part of the shady shit going on within the natural gas industry within the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. Another facet that has more relevance in my neighborhood is the royalties. When they started drilling, people thought that leasing with Atlas (later Chevron) on the impression the royalty payments would enrich landowners and lift rural economies in the state. But none of that happened while many landowners saw significantly smaller royalty checks than they thought were promised. Sometimes nothing at all. Since 1982, federal law has established that landowners who lease their mineral rights to oil and gas companies are entitled to no less than 12.5% of the royalties from sales. However, a 2013 Pro Publica investigation found that oil and gas companies kept billions of dollars out of the hands of private and government landowners through cost and data manipulation. Their analysis of lease agreements, government documents, and thousands of pages of court records show that underpayment was widespread.  

Much of the controversy surrounding royalty money boils down to post-production costs. These are expenses of moving and treating gas through pipeline networks. To cover the costs, drillers may take deductions from royalty checks. Some landowners agree to this. Others negotiate a lease forbidding it. Many sign leases that don’t address it at all. While some leases have vague leases leaving room for gas companies to take deductions, even if the owner objects. And it’s clear many landowners signed leases without fully understanding their implications like you sign the terms of conditions on anything. 

However, some companies deduct expenses for transporting and processing gas. Even when leases have clauses specifically forbidding such deductions. In other cases, they withhold money without explanation for other, unauthorized expenses, and without telling landowners the money’s being withheld. When significant amounts of fuel aren’t sold at all, companies could use it themselves to power the gas processing equipment, sometimes at facilities far away from the land it was drilled from. To keep royalties low, companies may set up subsidiaries or limited partnerships selling oil and gas at reduced prices. Only to recoup the full value when their subsidiary resells it. While the royalty payments are based on the initial transaction. And according to Oklahoma court documents, it’s perfectly legal despite the companies clearly ripping off the landowner. In other cases, companies barter for services off the books, hiding the full resource value to the landowners.  

Making matters more complicated, the gas rights frequently get split into shares, sometimes among as many as a half-dozen companies and get frequently traded. Once they produce the gas, a host of opaque transactions influence how they’ll account for sales and allocate proceeds to everyone entitled to a slice. Chain of custody and share division can be so complex that even America’s finest forensic accountants struggle to make sense of these energy companies’ books. 

The federal government has a whole arsenal to combat royalty underpayment with Department of Interior rules on allowable deductions and employs an auditing agency that’s uncovered more than a dozen instances of gas companies willfully deceiving them on royalty payments since 2011, recouping more than $4 billion in unpaid fees. Unfortunately, private landowners don’t have many protective mechanisms, and often enter into agreements without regulatory oversight. This leaves them with only two options. Either pay to audit or challenge energy companies out of their own pockets. Although Pennsylvania has passed laws requiring the amount of deductions be listed on royalty payments, as of 2013, it has no laws dictating at what point a sale price must be set and what constitutes as legitimate expenses. In dozens of class action lawsuits ProPublica’s reviewed, landowners claimed they can’t make sense from the expenses deducted from their payments or that companies hide charges. While publicly traded oil and gas companies also have disclosed settlements and judgements in royalty disputes that collectively add up to billions of dollars. Since individual lease language can vary widely while some can date back nearly 100 years, many deduction disagreements boil down to differing interpretations related to the contract’s language. 

Should a landowner in Pennsylvania decide to sue the gas company over royalties, proceed with caution and aim low. As of 2013, courts have set few precedents for how leases should be read and substantial obstacles stand in litigating landowners’ way. Attorneys say that many of their clients’ leases don’t let landowners audit gas companies to verify their accounting. Those allowed must shell out thousands of dollars to do so. When audits reveal discrepancies, many Pennsylvania leases require landowners to submit to arbitration, another exhaustive process also costing up to thousands of dollars. If you’re familiar with workplace abuse and sexual harassment, you probably know that arbitration clauses can also make it more difficult for the lesser party (like the landowners) to band together into a class action lawsuit in order to gain the leverage to take on the more powerful behemoth (like the gas industry). Tunkhannock attorney Aaron Hovan told ProPublica, “They basically are daring you to sue them. And you need to have a really good case to go through all of that, and then you could definitely lose.” Worse, landowners must clear all these obstacles within Pennsylvania’s 4-year statute of limitations. So, if a landowner realizes the company’s ripping them off too late or inherit a lease from an ailing relative who didn’t do their homework, well, they’re shit out of luck. In addition, even if the court finds the gas company liable for underpaying royalties in the state, it has little to fear. Since they’d only owe what they should’ve paid in the first place. Unlike states like Oklahoma, Pennsylvania doesn’t allow for any additional interest on unpaid royalties and sets a very high bar for winning punitive penalties.  

*** 

But what about the economic benefits? Hasn’t natural gas drilling in the Marcellus Shale been a game changer in Pennsylvania? From my experience, I’d say barely because I didn’t see anyone get rich. Nor I know many people who worked in the gas fields. Besides, an NPR article from this year states that over the last decade, natural gas extraction has had little economic impact in the 8 most active drilling counties in Pennsylvania. In fact, economic growth sharply lagged state and local rates (at 1.7% vs. 10%) despite a sharp GDP rise that exceeded both (55%). Despite gas industry promises of local economies flourishing thanks to fracking, communities largely failed to reap the benefits. Why? Partly because gas companies sourced their labor, materials, and equipment elsewhere. According to a report from the Ohio River Valley Institute, “This extreme disconnect between economic output and local prosperity raises the question of whether the Appalachian natural gas industry is capable of generating or even contributing to broadly shared wellbeing.  And, if it is not, should it continue to be the focus of local and regional economic development efforts?” 

Former DEP secretary John Quigley said the Ohio River Valley Institute report is one of the first to show that the natural gas industry’s investments, like aggregate economic growth, doesn’t always mean more jobs for communities or increased personal income, especially if out-of-staters take many local jobs. He told NPR, “The impact of this industry on local economies has been vastly overstated. It’s been oversold and used as an excuse not to adequately regulate or enforce environmental and public health regulations.” And given how not much economically changed for the better in my own community during the gas rush, I’d have to agree. Despite witnessing wells drilled in my own neighborhood, I hardly know anyone who’s worked on a drilling pad. Nor did many landowners receive much money either. Add the fact I’m quite pissed off that the state doesn’t have an extraction tax and it’s very clear where the gas money’s going. And given where much of these companies are based in, I’m sure it’s Texas. 

*** 

Nonetheless, the natural gas industry remains a very powerful force in politics within Pennsylvania. Between 2007 and 2018, the natural gas industry have spent $3 million in political contributions to candidates for statewide office and $69.6 million in lobbying costs. Energy companies have given generously to politicians from both parties which has profoundly influenced state policy and not for the better. It’s not uncommon in the state for regulators and politicians to work for natural gas companies after their jobs are done and vice versa. Marcellus Shale drillers enjoy steadfast support from the state’s Republican-controlled General Assembly, making passage of any legislative measures to rein in them obviously futile. As Republican state legislators have made growth and nurture of the gas industry a priority. They even blocked Governor Tom Wolf’s proposal for a severance tax on gas production and to this day Pennsylvania is the only state in the Marcellus Shale region without such a tax. Although the state does collect a separate impact fee tied to each new well’s development, but that doesn’t exactly cut it.   

 According to state attorney general Josh Shapiro’s grand jury report (no, not that one), state regulators and elected officials have consistently placed the natural gas industry over Pennsylvanians’ well-being throughout most of the first-generation development within the Marcellus Shale region. Shapiro told Penn Live, “It’s David and Goliath. It’s a rural family living next to a huge industry backed by billions of dollars and out-of-state investors, by bought science, by lobbyists and former officials who have amassed so much power that they act as though they are unaccountable.” His report chastised the state DEP over the shale boom’s history for failing to conduct water quality tests in response to citizen complaints, often failing to enforce a “presumption” that oil and gas activity within a certain distance of a home where contamination was proven, and showing long-term bias against issuing violations.  

One case I used in Deacon Hill to illustrate the natural gas industry’s influence in politics and public life is the case of Range Resources and the citizens of Mount Pleasant Township, Pennsylvania (no, not the one where we had Quiz Bowl matches at, of which I need to remind myself). Now out of all the oil and gas companies involved in the Marcellus Shale drilling rush, Range Resources was one of the earliest and best-known contenders and still remains the largest driller in the state. Yet, while EQT can safely put their name on a Pittsburgh Pridefest float and no one would bat an eye (save environmentalists, of course); Range couldn’t get away with that. Probably because it has one of the worst reputations, especially if you’re familiar with its activities in Washington County, particularly in regards to fracking contamination. I mean these people had a judge place lifetime gag orders over discussing fracking on seven- and ten-year-old kids in the Hallowich case. Anyway, Range Resources had drilled some of its first wells in Mount Pleasant Township under permit use zoning, giving them free rein to drill wherever they wanted. Fast forward to 2011, Mount Pleasant wants to adopt conditional use zoning, in which a planning commission and the board of supervisors must approve drilling of all new wells. All because residents complained of wells being near their houses, schools, or medical establishments, places where you don’t want people drilling for gas. Besides, most of neighboring municipalities already used conditional use ordinances to regulate drilling.  

Obviously, Range Resources didn’t like this and threatened to discontinue local operations or sue the Mount Pleasant Township if they didn’t get their way. As decision day approached for the board of supervisors to approve the new ordinance, Range unleashed an all-out PSYOPs-style propaganda campaign through two letters sent to over 300 Mount Pleasant Township leaseholders in a divide-and-conquer strategy to intimidate local officials. As resident Dencil Bachus told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, “We are outraged. This is an effort by Range Resources to divide a community on the eve of a decision on an ordinance that affects them directly. It’s an attempt by the company to get what they want rather than operate within the [township government] process. It’s a divide-and-conquer public relations strategy.” Another Mount Pleasant resident told DeSmog Blog, “What’s going on here, it’s kinda like Love Canal. The intimidation from these corporations is astounding to me. I don’t know how they’re allowed to get away with it. I’d like to see them get nailed.” Mount Pleasant Township was far from the only municipality to find itself on the receiving end of Range’s wrath once it decided to assert itself in where the company can or cannot drill within its jurisdiction. And they’ve sued other townships who’ve followed Mount Pleasant’s lead. 

Then there’s the Act 13 debacle. Passed by the General Assembly during Governor Tom Corbett’s term in the early Tens, this was a love letter to the gas industry overhauling oil and gas regulation in their favor. And often at the public’s expense. Act 13 established the following: 

  • Gave the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission power to review local ordinances. This allows energy companies to legally challenge local ordinances that they don’t like through the PAPUC. This process allows state rules supersede local ordinances in regards to zoning. Not to mention, allow municipalities to permit oil and gas development across all zoning areas.  
  • Allowed private corporations engaged in natural gas storage and transportation use of eminent domain on a person’s remaining property without proper compensation (what the fuck?). That is, if the company has a right to the majority of the land. 
  • Instilled a “physician’s gag rule” that prohibited medical professionals from revealing information on fracking chemicals they receive from drilling companies. Thus, this allows doctors to research but if fracking had anything to do with what’s wrong with their patient, they couldn’t tell them.  

From 2012 to 2016, Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court would overturn much of the law for various reasons. In 2013, the Court invalidated most of the zoning rules on grounds of violating the state constitution’s Environmental Rights Amendment assuring clean air and water for residents.  In 2016, the Court struck down the other two provisions because they’re utterly ridiculous to put in the books anyway. For a doctor has a right to tell their patient what the hell’s making them sick, fracking or not. 

Even more disturbing is how natural gas companies have cracked down on anti-fracking activists. In Pennsylvania, there’s an organization called the Marcellus Shale Operators’ Crime Committee that allows the gas industry to swap information with local, state, and federal law enforcement about activists, protests, and potential threats. We shouldn’t be surprised since energy companies have a history of suppressing dissent whether over public health concerns, environmental impact, or workers’ rights (looking at you, West Virginia coal companies). Although reports of pipe bombs, charred debris, and gunshots fired at gas sites exist, very few anti-fracking activists have resorted to crime. While most are just law-abiding citizens. And yet, many have been subject to being branded as “ecoterrorists” as well as subject to law enforcement surveillance probes (with assistance by private security firms). One Lycoming County woman had a state trooper stop by her house over her anti-fracking activities. Luckily, she got off with a warning. That same trooper then crossed state lines into New York to accuse another activist of trespassing a gas compressor station site. Nonetheless, law enforcement’s connection to the natural gas industry raises troubling questions on police conduct and civil liberties. Should police use information obtained by private security firms, it can pose a threat to basic constitutional rights and make one ask why law enforcement’s devoting limited resources to tracking environmentalists. Seriously, don’t police have better things to do like track down actual criminals?  

*** 

Thus, my dear reader, the benefits and promised prosperity natural gas companies touted in order to drill into the Marcellus Shale turned out to be the stuff that dreams are made of. In other words, even if it did create jobs or benefit the region, those rewards weren’t as great as originally advertised. At least when you consider the high risks involved along with the gas companies’ lack of transparency and public dishonesty. The drilling process isn’t safe for workers as well as the surrounding community and environment. The royalty leases and contracts may not always give the landowner a fair deal. While their influence and campaign contributions make them a powerful force in government and law enforcement regardless of how much they contribute to the local economies, which is nonetheless extremely troubling. And whenever challenged, they will strike through almost any means at their disposal. Take it from me, you can’t trust these gas companies to regulate themselves.  

The Price We Pay for What We Don’t Know 

Disclaimer: this essay contains spoilers from The Lost Women of Ballantine Castle

My newly self-published novel on Amazon titled The Lost Women of Ballantine Castle chiefly centers on the disappearances of undocumented maids dating from the 1980s to the pre-Covid Trump era, the time the story takes place. Almost all of these maids are Hispanic, range from their late teens to their late twenties, worked for a Mrs. Bartlett at either her Ballantine Castle estate or The Commodore Hotel, and all disappeared while leaving the former. Anyway, despite its subject matter mainly focusing on undocumented immigrants and their vulnerable position in American society, I devoted a significant chunk of the story on racial violence against minorities and how little attention it receives in our society both in our history classes and in the media, especially if the victims were poor, had little to no legal standing in society, or in the maids’ case, both.  

However, there’s a critical flashback scene in the novel where a college archives intern at Ballantine Castle named Julia Scarnatti explores some records in a file cabinet where the estate’s curator told her not to open. Naturally, she does. Among her finds consists of a series of photographs dating from the 1920s, many depicting Mrs. Bartlett’s great-grandmother and her friends torturing and killing her black servants for basically no good reason. Naturally, Julia is horrified such people could commit such brutal acts. Later on, Agent Rashida Owens sees a black minister named Dr. Scott and addresses the matter to him (which her partner Beattie MacKillop found in Julia’s diary during an investigation into her disappearance and murder). Dr. Scott discusses how the Ballantines would engage in an all-too-common practice during the time called lynching and his description is nothing short of horrifying. One chilling passage is as follows: 

“Now I don’t like thinking white people as monsters. But it blows my mind how normal white men and women can live with, participate in, and defend such atrocities to their fellow human beings. Even reinterpret them so they wouldn’t see themselves or be perceived as less than civilized. These people who tortured, dismembered, and murdered our ancestors like this perfectly understood what they were doing and thought themselves as perfectly normal human beings. Few had any ethical qualms about their heinous actions. To them, lynching was the highest idealism in their service to their white race, a triumph of a horrid belief system defining us as less than human. These perpetrators of these crimes were just ordinary folks who’d go to church with their families and believed keeping black people in their place was nothing less than a way of combating a plague that if not checked, would hurt the community’s health and security.” 

So what do lynching black people back in the 1920s have to do with missing undocumented maids in the Trump Era? Well, while some forms of racial violence may fall out of favor due to momentous historical events like the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s to the 1960s, other forms of racial brutality don’t go away so easily. The brutality could also take another form like mass incarceration in connection with the War on Drugs, stand your ground and open carry laws, stop and frisk, the “welfare queen” stereotype, and lingering systematic racial disparities that never get resolved. Not to mention, racial violence extending to people with less legal protection than most Americans, namely the undocumented who are relentlessly demonized by right-wing news outlets as pathological criminals. And yet, they also perform variety of essential low wage work at a pittance in our country while living a very precarious existence prone deportation, family separation, and crime. As many Americans firmly but wrongly believe that undocumented immigrants aren’t supposed to be here and don’t have any rights (which isn’t exactly true).  

Sycamore Springs, Pennsylvania is a fictional city for no such place exists between Erie and State College. The disappearances of undocumented maids at a Gilded Age era estate from the 1980s to the pre-Covid Trump Era is based on the 400-year-old Bathory child murders in Renaissance-era Hungary and the LaLaurie slave killings in antebellum New Orleans. Black lynchings, however, were an endemic feature during the Jim Crow Era when whites would flat out murder black people just for any excuse just to keep the local blacks in line. Sure, these killings were anti-black terrorism and hate crimes but the white establishment never prosecuted them mainly because local authorities often took part in them. Although whites could also be lynched as well as most famously demonstrated in the notorious Leo Frank case. According to the Tuskegee Institute, about 4,743 Americans were lynched between 1882 to 1968, including 3,446 blacks and 1,297 whites. Nonetheless, lynching was white society’s effort to maintain white supremacy in economic and political dominance after the American Civil War during Reconstruction and Jim Crow. Furthermore, lynching blacks was a way to emphasize the Jim Crow social order where whites acted together to reinforce their collective identity along with blacks’ unequal status through acts of violence. And despite being associated with the South, they also occurred in the North as Ballantine Castle entails. According to the great Ida B. Wells while sexual infractions against white women were widely cited, such victims with sexual assault allegations occurred only 1/3 of the time. And it’s highly unlikely that these allegations would even be remotely true. Instead, the most prevalent accusation related to murder followed by a list of infractions like verbal and physical aggression, spirited business competition (like successfully competing in business against whites), and independence of mind among victims. If you think the infraction list consists of bullshit terms, you’re absolutely right. And tragically as of June 6, 2021, no federal anti-lynching legislation has passed both houses of Congress despite racial violence remaining a serious problem. 

Despite the prominent role lynching played in maintaining white supremacy in the United States during Jim Crow, most white students will never hear about it in their American history class. Until recently, racial violence incidents like the 1921 Tulsa Massacre weren’t even known in the American public consciousness. Only because of shows like Watchmen and Lovecraft Country. Obviously, American schools don’t teach students about racial violence during segregation because no one wants to see themselves as the bad guy, white people especially. Nor does it paint the US in a positive light. Nonetheless, given how white supremacy is still a major problem in the US within every part of our society, it’s a subject everyone must learn if only to dismantle the systemic racist infrastructure that perpetuates such violence against people of color. Particularly when it comes to police brutality and stand your ground laws. Lynchings may not be as accepted or prolific as they were under Jim Crow, but the legacy is still with us. And it’s important all students know that legacy. 

As I write in the summer of 2021, all over the United States, Republicans are up in arms over the 1619 Project and Critical Race Theory and have sought to have such measures banned within their local schoolboards to their state legislatures. The Heritage Foundation has recently attributed a whole host of issues to CRT including the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, LGBTQ+ clubs in schools, diversity training in federal agencies and organizations, California’s recent ethnic studies model curriculum, the free speech debate on college campuses, and alternatives to exclusionary discipline like Broward County, Florida’s Promise Program that some parents blame for the Parkland shooting (instead of lax gun policies that allowed the shooter to easily get them in the first place). The organization claimed: “When followed to its logical conclusion, CRT is destructive and rejects the fundamental ideas on which our constitutional republic is based.”  

With beginnings within the New Left school of American history during the 1970s and 1980s, Critical Race Theory’s crux is that racism is a social construct. Yet, unlike many white people would like to think, racism isn’t just a product of individual bias and prejudice, but also something embedded in systemic policies. Slavery, segregation, and Jim Crow are among the biggies that we learn in American history class. A good example Education Week discusses a 1930s practice of government officials drawing lines around areas deemed poor financial risks, often due to the inhabitants’ race. As a result, banks refused to offer mortgages to black people living in these areas. Today, despite facially-race blind policies, these same patterns of discrimination live on. For instance, single family zoning prevents building affordable housing in advantaged, majority white neighborhoods, and thus, undermines racial desegregation efforts.  

Ballantine Castle illustrates this through Sycamore Springs confining their black and Hispanic populations to the Sticks for much of its history, its history of black lynchings, racist law enforcement practices, and federal immigration policies, especially during the pre-Covid Trump era. CRT also has ties to other intellectual currents like works by sociologists and literary theorists studying the links between political power, social organization, and language. While its ideas have since informed other fields like humanities, social sciences, and teacher education. You could also see the same in Ballantine Castle in which Sycamore Springs’ harsh treatment of Latinos by the local police department leads to more undocumented maids disappearing at the titular estate. Mainly because the living undocumented maids are in no position to testify out of deportation fears. Donald Trump’s decision to cancel DACA resulted in FBI agents Beattie MacKillop and Rashida Owens having such a difficult time tracking down Estella Rodriguez in regards to her white roommate’s disappearance and murder. After all, as a Dreamer attending college within a city that’s got a Joe Arpaio-like police chief and a general hostility toward undocumented people among the general white population, Estella has no idea what Trump’s DACA cancellation might mean to her if she talks to law enforcement. So, when the cops and federal agents scramble for her testimony, Estella either shuts herself in her dorm room or runs off. In addition, the Sycamore Springs police department’s inexcusable actions during the white supremacist Charlottesville-style “America First” rally at Liberty Park results in a white counter-protesting student’s death and a heroic priest named Father Anthony Carlisle nearly losing his shit.  

Critical Race Theory states that racism is part of everyday life so white and non-white people who don’t intend to be racist can nevertheless make choices fueling racism. There are plenty of examples in Ballantine Castle, particularly when Rashida Owens breaks up an altercation pertaining to police mistreating a black man outside a Starbucks in Sycamore Springs to her partner, Beattie MacKillop’s dismay. When Rashida climbs back in her car, Beattie glares at her FBI partner and says, “Why must you stop and waste our time?” As far as she’s concerned, they’ve just arrived to the city to investigate a white college girl’s disappearance, an assignment Rashida has clearly expressed doesn’t want to work on. Stopping police from using excessive force on a black man will only delay their investigation. Now Beattie doesn’t intend to be racist here. But she certainly comes across as this and her chiding Rashida over the incident fuels racism as well. Which is exactly the point. 

However, a lot of critics claim that CRT advocates discriminating against white people in order to achieve equity (except it doesn’t), mainly aiming such accusations at theorists calling for policies explicitly taking race into account. Yet, the disagreement fundamentally springs from different conceptions of racism. While popular notions of racism take individuals’ own beliefs into account, CRT emphasizes outcomes and calls for people to examine and rectify them. And no, neutral “color-blind” policies won’t eliminate the America’s racial caste system. Many white people obviously have a problem with this, especially since they mostly don’t want to seem racist. But they don’t want to think about racism whenever Colin Kaepernick takes a knee to protest against police brutality, which they consider as an attack on the flag and the military (except that it’s not). Because white people in general want to live their lives pretending that racism died out in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Movement (except it didn’t). Since racism is so ordinary that white people benefit from it and their refusal to dismantle the racist status quo and resistance to racist policies makes them complicit in racism. The idea that someone can be racist by doing absolutely nothing is very triggering to say the least. After all, no one wants to be the bad guy. 

Due to CRT’s popular representation in schools being far less nuanced, a recent poll by Parents Defending Education claimed some schools were teaching that “white people are inherently privileged, while black and other people of color are inherently oppressed and victimized”; that “achieving racial justice and equality between racial groups requires discriminating against people based on their whiteness”; and that “the United States was founded on racism.” As a result, much of the current debate chiefly springs not from academic texts, but from critics’ fears that students (particularly white ones) will be exposed to supposedly damaging or self-demoralizing ideas. Doesn’t help that whenever white people hear even a whisper of “white people” and “racism” they can absolutely lose their shit, completely blocking them from hearing anything else. If in their mind, America is the greatest country in the world, any criticism of their beloved country is a personal attack, especially from anyone who’s not white. Sure, they’re fine with “a more perfect union” or “making America great again.” But they can’t handle an entire field of black scholarship based on the idea that their sweet land of the free is inherently racist. And all I have to say to them is tough shit.  

As of mid-May 2021, legislation to outlaw CRT in schools has passed in Idaho, Oklahoma, and Tennessee as well as proposed in various other statehouses. The bills are so vaguely written that it’s unclear what they’ll affirmatively cover, whether they’re constitutional or violate free speech (I’d say yes on the latter two). Could a teacher who wants to talk about state-sponsored racism a la Jim Crow (which prevented blacks from voting or holding office while separating them from white people in public spaces) violate such laws? Although it’s extremely difficult to police what’s taught in hundreds of classrooms, social studies teachers fear such laws could have a chilling effect on educators self-censoring their own lessons out of concern for parent or administration complaints. One Tennessee English teacher notes: “History teachers cannot adequately teach about the Trail of Tears, the Civil War, and the civil rights movement. English teachers will have to avoid teaching almost any text by an African American author because many of them mention racism to various extents.” The laws might also be used to attack other pieces of the curriculum like ethnic studies or “action civics,” which asks students to research local civic problems and propose solutions.  

In American history, cultural debates have focused on the balance among patriotism and American exceptionalism one end and the exclusion and violence toward Native Americans and African American enslavement on the other. As in our country’s ideals and practices. A current example that’s fueled much of the recent round of CRT criticism is the New York Times’ 1619 Project, which seeks to put slavery’s history and its effects as well as blacks’ contributions to democratic reforms front and center in American history. Nonetheless, we must understand that learning history isn’t always supposed to feel good. There are parts in our history that are downright painful, disturbing, and jarring to know about like slavery, native displacement and genocide, Jim Crow, racial violence, immigration restrictions, Japanese internment, and more. But they’re absolutely necessary to know about so we can grow and rectify such injustices as a society. For the old adage says, “those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” If we want to avoid the past’s mistakes and create a better society, then we must teach kids about race and racism. This goes especially for the students whose parents protest against the teaching of the 1619 Project and Critical Race Theory and buy into whatever conspiracy theories or culture war garbage the right-wing media screeds into their heads. Knowing about the past is hard. Not knowing is even harder. The price we pay for what we don’t know could be steep, as we learned from all the police shootings and white supremacist demonstrations. And for too far too long, the price for our collective historical ignorance has been way too high. White people may have the luxury to forget about all the awful legacy of slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. But if they consist of the majority of who we elect into office at every level, it’s time they start as early as possible. 

The Dark Scary World of Vintage Halloween Costumes (Fifth Edition)

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For some mysterious reason, old vintage Halloween pictures seem to be a lot creepier for some reason. Maybe it’s the black and white photography. Maybe it’s how the costumes were made. Maybe it’s their conception of scary. I don’t know. Still, when you look at them, they’re bound to freak you out and give you nightmares for weeks to come. Anyway, for your reading pleasure, I give you another assortment of nightmarish vintage Halloween costumes. Sweet dreams.

  1.  She’s all dressed in ready for the spiderweb ball.

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So is this how they dressed for Halloween during the 18th century? Or did people during the 18th century not celebrate it?

2. Now, everyone, smile for the camera.

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Man, I don’t think the guy dressed as a Native American would fly today. Also, some of the masks are quite terrifying.

3. I’m sure this witch is kind to her animals.

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Yet, I’m not exactly sure by the grin on her face. Also, that cat looks like it’s stuffed.

4. The kitchen staff can be such animals.

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Okay, I don’t want to go in there. For all I know they could be cooking some of Hannibal Lecter’s best known recipes.

5. We all have our bad hair days.

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Yet, she could use a full-on makeover. Then again, witches don’t care much about their looks, anyway.

6. Even a ghostly skeleton seeks to pick up chicks.

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I’m sure this version of Ghost doesn’t contain the iconic pottery wheel scene. In fact, I don’t think they’ll be making love to “Unchained Melody” anytime soon either.

7. You’d think this lady was batty.

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Yes, she’s in a sexy bat costume. But her dress doesn’t make much sense to me, save for fanservice.

8. Perhaps buying your costume isn’t as great as it seems.

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Yeah, the masks look kind creep thanks to black and white photography. Still, the one with the leopard print doesn’t seem to have a face.

9. Want to dress as a sexy ghost? Just put a white bag on your head.

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You could never pull this kind of costume in PA. Mainly because the weather’s under 50 degrees by this point.

10. May I present to you the 19th century version of the Village People.

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As you can see, they’re not exactly a lively bunch. In fact, they seem more likely to kill you in your sleep.

11. What a couple of babies.

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Okay, these two look too big to be babies. Yet, their masks can just scare the living shit out of you.

12. You might fly with these Peter Pan costumes.

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These are actually really terrifying. And it really says a lot since Peter Pan is an incredibly creepy movie.

13. Here you see Spiderman and Batman hang out with Colonel Sanders.

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What a way to show a good example to kids, superheroes. Of course, masked vigilantism doesn’t help either.

14. How about you hang near the car?

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That duck mask is frightening. Then again, the chicken mask may even be scarier.

15. Hope the trick-or-treaters can make themselves comfortable.

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Okay, those vintage costumes are actually scarier in color. Even in regards to Princess Aurora, Casper, and Snoopy.

16. These kids are just resting on the grass.

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These masks are incredibly terrifying. Don’t look now, but I think these kids are devising ways to kill neighbors who don’t give them candy.

17. Have fun trick-or-treating, kids.

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Apparently, someone managed to make Spiderman and the Lone Ranger scary. While the Wolf man seems kind of lame.

18. That’s an odd looking giraffe.

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Since the giraffe is made out of paper. Still, wonder how the girl can see in it.

19. Beware of the chicken boy.

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I don’t know why the kid just stick around transfixed on the chicken. When the girl should be running away screaming for her dear life.

20. These two are just walking the street on their Halloween haunt.

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The witch seems like she’s wearing Groucho Marx glasses without the mustache. But it should be the ghost that really scares us.

21. You might want to get away from the monster behind you.

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That’s Frankenstein’s monster attacking that boy. And I’m sure the boy might need another pair of pants.

22. Sorry to crash a medieval plague doctors meeting.

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Since they’re all wearing bird masks and cloaks. Still, if it was the 1300s, we’d wonder how many of them will be left next year.

23. You’d think this is an odd-looking bird.

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Well, it’s a cardboard costume. But it kind of looks eerie in black and white photography.

24. Beware of the little red devil.

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I’m sure this kid is all right. But the costume makes him seem like a little terror out of hell.

25. A mother sits with her strangely dressed children.

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Two of them are supposed to be dwarfs, I think. One’s a cowboy. And one’s the Monopoly Man. But all seem rather dead inside.

26. This woman just wears a dress, mask, and cone hat.

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Wearing that, you’d think she was on her way to a cult meeting. But she has a pumpkin on her dress.

27. These four just hang around the front door.

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But look at their masks and you don’t want them in your house. Seriously, they make Freddy Krueger look like a character on Sesame Street.

28. You wouldn’t want to run into this little clown at night.

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Wonder if this is a childhood photo of Pennywise the Clown. I mean he had to be a child somehow.

29. Here a ghost emerges from the bushes.

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Let’s hope he didn’t make it from some Klan robe. Because they were a thing back in the Gilded Age and 1920s.

30. This doesn’t seem like a fun Halloween party.

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Consists of a scary clown and two very offensive stereotypes. For God’s sake it was the early 1900s. Times were really racist.

31. Well, this seems like a strange horse race.

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Yes, you see people sharing horse costumes. One guy has very little legs like Lord Farquad.

32. Don’t hitch a ride with these masked men.

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Since they’ll take you to an undisclosed location. Then they’ll kill you and rip you to pieces.

33. Who knows what this clown will do to these two women.

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Yeah, I get that he’s wearing a tall hat. But I think after this picture was taken, the two women were never seen again.

34. The skull person is within the living room.

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Indeed, they’re not scaring anyone. But in time, they will chase teenagers with a knife once it gets dark.

35. Each trick-or-treater shall receive a large pumpkin bag.

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The devil and Raggedy Ann masks will haunt your dreams. The cat, not so much.

36. Sometimes a white mask is all you need.

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She’s even on roller skates. That means she can go after you with a knife faster. Except on the stairs.

37. Are those kids or ventriloquist dummies?

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Well, they could be kids wearing masks. Yet, they don’t really seem very lifelike to me. Something’s off here.

38. The light’s quite misty, isn’t it?

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One of the revelers reminds me of an undead muppet. Another has a rather creepy clown face.

39. Apparently, someone’s fallen into a creepy cult ritual.

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These women wear dresses with markings on them. But they must dance around two virgins before they sacrifice them to their blood hungry god.

40. A witch stands with her cat.

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She seems rather lonely. Mostly because everyone’s frightened of her. And her cat’s plush, I think.

41. These two seem like a rather odd couple.

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One wears a mask with make while looking dashing in a top hat and coat. The other wears a mask and a dress.

42. Here’s a friendly guy you’d meet in the park.

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Kind of reminds me of the guy kicked off The Muppet Show. Since he often gave kids candy from his windowless van. Or so I heard.

43. Care to see the clown in the corner?

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On second thought, I’ll pass on that one. Don’t want to be found near the river with an ax in my back.

44. Don’t you ever refuse to give these kids candy.

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Because if you do, they will kill you. Even if you honestly ran out, they will still slay you. So please have candy ready for them.

45. Sandra finds romance on Planet of the Apes.

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“Come to me, you damn dirty ape. Send me to your monkey bar sex dungeon.”

46. Don’t you dare cross this masked maid.

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Mess with her and she’ll make sure you pay with your life. And she’ll make you pay.

47. You might enjoy this jolly clown.

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Okay, this clown is terrifying. Avoid him like the plague if you value your life.

48.  You’d swear you’ve seen these trick-or-treaters from space.

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These costumes are quite frightening. Yet, the astronaut has to wear a rocket shaped mask for some reason.

49. “Come and play with us, Danny.”

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Those princess masks are guaranteed to give you nightmares. Will certainly haunt your dreams.

50. Perhaps you might enjoy a couple of sisters.

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One doesn’t pretend not to care. The other’s thinking about skinning the neighbor’s cat.

51. Make sure your stick matches your masks.

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Though each one is just as scary. And the kids in the back certainly know it.

52. Looks like the Turnip ghost caused some scares.

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The woman is freaking out. The guy is splayed on the floor. Wonder if this is some horror cosplay scene.

53. Just because you’re a woman doesn’t mean you can’t be Batman.

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Well, she’s an early incarnation of Batwoman. But what am I kidding? Batman wasn’t around yet.

54. Well, we’ve got a couple of lone rangers.

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Actually, one’s supposed to be Zorro. But they will strike if not given candy for trick-or-treating.

55. “Won’t you come and spoon with me?”

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Oh, hell no. For God’s sake I’m not that desperate for cuddles.

56.  “I’m just a little school girl.”

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I don’t know about you. But that’s a dude who looks like a lady to me. Possible ancestor of Steve Tyler from Aerosmith.

57. “Get off my lawn, you brats!”

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For if you don’t, he’ll run you down and cut you up in his basement. Don’t say I didn’t warn you.

58. Watch out for the locker room ghosts.

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Of course, they probably didn’t have the time and resources for a full sheet. So they used pillow cases instead. One even has a black bag.

59. “I shall call him, Mini Me.”

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These two wear the same cone black hats. The smaller boy is pure evil.

60. I give you, the Elephant Man.

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Okay, that’s kind of insensitive. Joseph Merrick deserves more dignity than that. Then again, he probably doesn’t know anything about Merrick.

61. Send in the big clowns.

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On second thought, do clowns really need to be inflated. That just makes them scarier.

62. “Are you comfortable, madam?”

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This mouse seems rather hospitable to that girl. Don’t really want to what kind of relationship they have.

63. “Let’s just watch that house burn.”

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These masks are so terrifying even if they’re supposed to be dolls and clowns. And I’m sure they just set a house on fire.

64. Clown or space alien? You decide.

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Actually, she’s probably dressed like a clown. But her tall hat totally seems like it’s from another planet.

65. These two always stick together.

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Mostly because they’re dressed as co-join twins. They do a lot together, including murder.

66. “Want to join us at the farm?”

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They’re all decked in their pajamas like they’re having a slumber party. Though I’ll pass on this one.

67. This black cat lingers in the alley.

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Sure they may look scary. But the 2019 trailer to Cats just makes it look tame in comparison.

68. Hello boys and girls, it’s Beppo the clown.

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For God’s sake, kill this infernal creature with fire. Before he kills somebody or gets in a daycare center.

69. Don’t want to run into these monsters even on a good day.

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They’re just kids in Halloween costumes. But the masks are simply spooky.

70. Don’t mess with these clown ladies.

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Mock their circus act and I swear they will rain fire and terror on you. Or they’ll just kill you in your sleep.

71. Skull girl just loves hanging among the flowers.

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Hey, at least she’s not Rhoda from the Bad Seed. She wouldn’t kill anyone for trivial stuff like a penmanship award. But she will if you mess with her.

72. Why so sad, scarecrow?

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Guy looks like a sagging and depressed muppet. And with bad fashion sense.

73. This witch is awfully fond of these little girls.

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Wonder if that witch is in costume. But she shows eyes of ill intent.

74. Care for some clandestine greenhouse ritual?

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The kids seem like they’re dressed in their pajamas. The mom’s dressed as a witch.

75. Here’s a still from the new Joker movie.

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Well, that might be a little too early. But I’m sure he’ll grow up to be an unstable psychopath nonetheless.

76. Pretty short to have mustaches, don’t you think?

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One’s wearing a dress to indicate she’s clearly a girl. But these two seem like they’re silently judging you in those creepy masks.

77. “Here’s Toodles!”

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Seeing that clown hovering over that family sends shivers down my spine. Also, is he holding a gun?

78. “I just came here to pick up a few things like your soul.”

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I can understand why that girl’s screaming. Still, kind of way too young for this Faustian bargain thing. I think there should be an age of consent for that.

79. Got you 4 little devils in a row.

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They’re even all holding masks. But come midnight, they will wreak havoc on a murder spree.

80. These robots come from another galaxy.

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But mess with them, they’re bound to exterminate you. They also have great fashion sense.

The United States of Wildflowers – Part 5 South Dakota to Wyoming

              Of course, all things must come to an end and a series of wildflowers is no exception. Still, I must remind you that just because many of these flowers were once used in traditional medicine by Native Americans and others doesn’t mean you should. Because as a history major, I know full well that traditional medicine isn’t the most reliable since a lot of them haven’t been proven as effective medical treatments by medical community. While a lot of them have actually been known to harm actually harm or kill people. Especially if they’re known to be toxic upon ingestion or touch. Anyway, in this post, we’ll see a Pasque flower in South Dakota, garden favorites in Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin, an iconic lupine in Texas, two iconic western flowers, a notable wildflower in West Virginia, and a mountain flower in Washington.

41. South Dakota

American Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla nuttalliana)

Why the Prettiest: Called the Prairie Pasque Flower, it’s the state flower of South Dakota. A low-lying perennial flower featuring fuzzy low-growing stems with delicate, showy lavender-to-purple bell-shaped flowers.

Location: Native to North America east of Lake Michigan from as north as Alaska to as south as New Mexico.

Environment: Inhabits cool, northern prairies, open slopes, fescue grasslands, granite outcrops in forests, and woodlands dry and open in mountain and boreal areas. Also grows in clearcut areas, roadsides, and gravel pit edges. Adapted to habitat disturbances, including wildfires. Though seeds don’t significantly persist. Grows up to 6 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms during the early spring. Flowers bloom before the leaves fully emerge. Is one of the first flowers to bloom during the season, sometimes pushing through lingering snow. Attracts honeybees, mining bees, bumblebees, and hover flies. Has low forage value for herbivores due to it being mildly toxic with its protoanemonin content. Yet, when grazed, it will produce new leaves from dormant buds. And numbers will increase in grazed meadows.

Color Varieties: Available in lavender, purple, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Not as popular as its European counterparts as an ornamental plant. Unless it’s planted in gardens intended to resemble an upper Midwest prairie or in rock gardens. Germinates readily without pre-treatment or stratification within 3 weeks. Propagates through seed and vegetatively. Seedlings are difficult to transplant and transplantation of all plant sizes depends on avoiding root disturbance by digging with a substantial amount of soil. Garden must have good drainage. Grows best in soils that are moist to dry with neutral or slightly alkaline characteristic and winter snow cover. Grows well with some additional compost in the topsoil around 7 cm in depth. Needs partial to half-day shade in hot summer areas. In areas with cool summers like mountain habitats and northern prairies, full sun is required. Contains protoanemonin, a toxin causing skin irritation.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure. Although seen as critically imperiled in Illinois, Washington, and Ontario.

Trivia: Provincial flower of Manitoba. Seeds are distributed by the wind or by catching in fur of passing animals. Prepared and used by indigenous communities for specific traditional remedies.

Other Candidates: Purple Coneflower, Purple Prairie Clover, Black-Eyed Susan, and Gunnison’s Mariposa Lily.

42. Tennessee

Fire Pink (Silene virginica)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a short-lived perennial is known for its brilliant, star-shaped flowers and sticky stems deterring crawling insects from getting a free meal.

Location: Native to central and eastern North America, ranging as far west as Texas, as north as southern Ontario, and as south as Florida.

Environment: Inhabits open woodlands, rocky slopes, cliffs, and road banks. Can grow up to 8-31 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms in late spring and early summer like from April to July. Attracts hummingbirds and long-tongued insects, with the ruby-throated hummingbird being its principal pollinator. Other birds aid in its seed dispersal such as sparrows, juncos, and pine siskins.

Color Varieties: Available in red.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers bright and partial shade and well-drained soils. Yet, tends to grow in areas with acidic, poorer quality soils. Tolerates sunny conditions and can withstand drought and high temperatures. Can self-seed. Doesn’t have serious problems with disease or pests. Though it can be occasionally affected by the anther smut disease, which can render it sterile. Used in rock gardens and along border fronts in landscaping.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure. But imperiled in Louisiana and considered endangered in Wisconsin, Florida, and Michigan.

Trivia: Has sticky, glandular hairs on its upper stem and calyx to trap insects in order to prevent them from nectar feeding and robbing it from the flower without providing pollinator services. Used medicinally by Native Americans and European settlers. Cherokees used the root as a snakebite remedy and intestinal worms. Used by the Iroquois as an anti-bacterial. Though other tribes said it’s poisonous.

Other Candidates: Large-Flowered Trillium, Dwarf-Crested Iris, Nashville Gladecress, and Virginia Bluebell.

43. Texas

Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s Texas’ state flower, known for its vibrant, blue pea-like clusters with distinct white tips. While its leaves are light green, velvety, palmately compound usually split into 5 leaflets.

Location: Native to the south-central United States and northern Mexico. Found in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas.

Environment: Lives in prairies, roadsides, and wooded edges. Grows up to 6 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms in early to mid spring such as from March to May. Attracts bees and butterflies.

Color Varieties: Available in blue, white, pink and maroon.

Gardening Conditions: Its gravel-like seed has a hard seed coat that must be penetrated by wind, rain, and weather over a few months (but sometimes several years). Seeds may be scarified before being stored. Seeds germinate in the fall and winter so sow them in the fall. Requires full sun. Thrives in alkaline, moderately fertile, and extremely well-drained soils. Reseeds itself. Plants and seeds are toxic to humans.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Said to have the ability to fix the nitrogen in the soil, which benefits surrounding the vegetation.

Other Candidates: Giant Blue Iris, Texas Indian Paintbrush, Indian Blanket, Pink Evening Primrose, Winecup, and Texas Bluebell.

44. Utah

Sego Lily (Calochortus nuttallii)

Why the Prettiest: It’s Utah’s official state flower since 1911.  It’s a striking, bulbous perennial featuring 2-4 narrow, grass-like leaves that wither as the plant blooms. Bears 1-3 tulip-like, satiny blossoms up to 3 in across featuring white, pink, or lavender petals with distinctive yellow and dark red or maroon markings at the base.

Location: Native to the western United States from as north as Montana to as south as New Mexico and Arizona.

Environment: Lives in dry, brushy or grassy slopes, open foothills, and on desert high country. Can grow up to 6-18 in height.

Bloom Season: Blooms from late spring to early summer, often after seasonal rainfall.

Color Varieties: Available in white, pink, or lavender.

Gardening Conditions: Doesn’t tolerate excessive water in growth or in dormancy. Needs well-drained soil, but not excessively sandy with very little organic matter. Can receive full sun or partial shade in dry climates. In wetter climates, you must take additional critical protections to shield the bulbs from rotting. Can be propagated from newly formed bulblets, which take 2 years to flower.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Native Americans used bulbs, seeds, and flowers as food. Hopi used it for ceremonies. Shoshone taught the Mormon pioneers to use the plant for desperately needed food. Commemorated by the Sego Lily Dam, a flood-prevention infrastructure project in the shape of a giant sego lily, built in Salt Lake City’s Sugar House Park in 2017. Can be confused with deathcamas. Is featured on Salt Lake City’s Flag that was designed by 2 high school students for a contest.

Other Candidates: Indian Paintbrush, Silvery Lupine, Utah Columbine, Mountain Bluebell, and Elephant Head.

45. Vermont

Canada Lily (Lilium canadense)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a wildflower known for its chandelier-like clusters of nodding, bell-shaped flowers. Its leaves are lance-shaped and arranged in distinct whorls of 3-8 among them. Up to 20 pendulous, trumpet-shaped flowers per stem.

Location: Native to eastern North America, ranging from Ontario and Nova Scotia to Alabama and Georgia. Most common in New England, the Appalachian Mountains, and the Canadian Maritimes.

Environment: Lives in moist meadows, marsh margins, and wood margins. Less common in urban and suburban areas due to heavy browsing by white-tailed deer. Can grow up to 1.6-4.9ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from June to July. Attracts ruby-throated hummingbirds and large butterflies. Highly favored and heavily browsed by deer.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow, orange, and red, often with darker spots.

Gardening Conditions: Grows best in filtered shade to full sun. Prefers deep, rich, loamy, and acidic to neutral soils that stay consistently moist.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure. Although listed as Rare in Indiana, Exploitably Vulnerable in New York, and Threatened in Rhode Island and Tennessee.

Trivia: Buds and roots were gathered and eaten by Native Americans.

Other Candidates: Red Trillium, White Trillium, Painted Trillium, Spring Beauty, Virginia Bluebell, Cardinal Flower, and Joe Pye Weed.

46. Virginia

Virginia Bluebell (Mertensia virginica)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a popular spring ephemeral featuring nodding pink buds opening into soft sky-blue, bell-shaped blossoms.

Location: Native to eastern North America from as north as Ontario and Quebec to as south as Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia and as west as Kansas.

Environment: Found in rich, moist woods, on low, wooded hillsides, on floodplain forests, and along stream banks. Grows 18-24 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from early to mid-spring like from March to May for about 3-6 weeks. Attracts long-tongued bees like bumblebees, butterflies, moths, skippers, hummingbird moths, flower flies, bee flies, and hummingbirds.

Color Varieties: Available in sky blue, pink, white, and periwinkle.

Gardening Conditions: All parts of the plant are edible, including the flowers. Thrives in partial to full shade. Prefers moist, rich, humus-heavy, and well-draining soil. Requires low maintenance such as adding a layer of organic leaf mulch in the spring. Best paired in shaded garden beds with later-emerging perennials that will fill the space once the plant goes dormant.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Often form large groups. Used by Native Americans as medicine for various ailments.

Other Candidates: Yellow Lady’s Slipper, Large-Flowered Trillium, Fire Pink, and Virginia Meadow Beauty.

47. Washington

White Avalanche Lily (Erythronium montanum)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a mountain wildflower known for blooming right at the edge of melting snowfields. Its leaves are a pair of solid, glossy green, lance-shaped basal leaves with smooth coloring. Each stem has 1-4 showy flowers with pristine white petals that sweep or curl backward, revealing a bright yellow center and long yellow anthers. Grows in massive dense patches resembling fresh patches of snow on mountain slopes.

Location: Native to the Pacific Northwest from coastal British Columbia to Oregon, particularly in the alpine and subalpine Cascade and Olympic Ranges.

Environment: Found in damp, subalpine woodlands and alpine meadows, often in extensive patches along the edges of snowfields. Often at elevations between 3,000 and 6,500 ft. Grows up to 6-10 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from late spring to midsummer such as from June to August, beginning when the snow melts and the sunlight hits the soil. Eaten by rodents, deer, elk, and bears.

Color Varieties: Available in white.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers full to partial sunlight and moist, well-drained soil.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure although it’s said to be rare.

Trivia: Stores energy in an underground bulb all winter.

Other Candidates: Lupine, Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Common Camas, and Western Pasque Flower.

48. West Virginia

Giant Ironweed (Vernonia gigantea)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a perennial wildflower with remarkably tough, rigid erect stems that resist flopping over and fluffy, intense purple, magenta, or rose purple clusters.

Location: Native to eastern North America from as north as Ontario and New York state to as south and west as Texas.

Environment: Found along roadsides, meadows, and open woodlands. Can grow up to 5-8 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Bloom from July to September. Larval host to the ironweed borer moth, American lady butterfly, and the red groundling moth. Attracts butterflies, bees, moths, and hummingbirds. Birds feed on its seeds and use the plant as a structural perch.

Color Varieties: Available in magenta and purple.

Gardening Conditions: Plant is self-incompatible and can’t self-pollinate. But can readily self-sow. Prefers full sun to part shade and medium to wet soil. Tolerates wet conditions, seasonal flooding, and heavy clay. But adapts to regular garden soil if kept consistently moist. Very low maintenance with few pests and diseases. Deadheading flower heads before seeds develop prevents unwanted spreading.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Seeds are wind-dispersed.

Other Candidates: Virginia Bluebell, Large-Flowered Trillium, Yellow Lady’s Slipper, Cardinal Flower, and Goldenrod.

49. Wisconsin

Shooting Star (Primula meadia)

Why the Prettiest: This herbaceous perennial and spring ephemeral has distinctive, nodding, umbrella-like clusters of 8-20 flowers featuring swept-back pink, purple or white petals and a pointed central cone of yellow stamens resembling tiny shooting stars. Forms a low, basal rosette of smooth, bright to grayish green lanced-shaped leaves, often with reddish bases.

Location: Native to central and eastern United States ranging from southern Wisconsin to western Pennsylvania and southeastern Texas and Georgia.

Environment: Found in both prairies and forests, often in calcareous areas. Can live in an open habitat if the effects of potential competing woody vegetation are limited. Grows up to 8-20 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from April to June. Attracts bumblebees and other native bees using buzz pollination to shake the pollen loose. Honeybees often steer clear because it produces strictly pollen, not nectar. But relies on insects to disperse pollen and seeds within pollen capsules. Not preferred by deer or rabbits.

Color Varieties: Available in pink, lavender, magenta, purple, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Thrives while surrounded by plants that are shorter in its early growing stages. Prefers partial shade but can grow in the sun as long as the soil is moist. Prefers rocky, sandy soil but is also able to flourish when planted in clay soil. Once a seed’s propagated, it grows at a slow pace, sometimes taking 4 years to bloom. Benefits from fire and brush removal. Grows well when not obstructed by other flowers and placed at the front of flower beds. Can exist with other species in a rock or woodland garden. Not toxic to humans or pets.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure, though it’s not evenly distributed within its range.

Trivia: Color varies by location. Northern flowers are often pink or lavender. Southern flowers are often white.

Other Candidates: Butterfly Milkweed, Lupine, Pale Purple Coneflower, Wild Columbine, and Wild Bergamot.

50. Wyoming

Wyoming Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia)

Why the Prettiest: It’s Wyoming’s state flower since 1917 and taller than any other paintbrush flower, which is found in most of the state save for 8 counties. Although the vibrant parts that look like red or orange flower petals are actually specialized modified leaved called bracts. While its true flowers are small and greenish-yellow, modestly hidden inside the bracts.

Location: Native to every US state west of the Rocky Mountains except for Washington along with the state of Sonora in northern Mexico.

Environment: Associated with sagebrush steppe, grasslands, and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Also grows on dry rocky slopes, dry plains, talus deposits at cliff bases, and in forest openings. Grows up to 7-39 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from April to October. Attracts Edith’s checkerspot butterfly that feeds on it exclusively as well as other butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.

Color Varieties: Available in red, orange, and pink.

Gardening Conditions: Can withstand droughts. Seeds can sometimes be part of wildflower seed mixes sold in the southwest. Note that this plant is hemi-parasitic, meaning its roots attach to the roots of a neighboring plant, frequently native grasses or sagebrush to steal a portion of their water and nutrients. Due to this root dependency, transplanting wild specimens almost always kills them. So if you plant a seed, plant it near a compatible host plant to establish a connection. Prefers full sun and well-drained, lean soils.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Present in Tewa and Hano decorative art, painted on pottery, carved into wood, and imitated in colored yarn. Used by the Shoshone as a traditional medicine for venereal disease through boiling the roots, administering it in small amounts, and acting as a purgative.

Other Candidates: Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Rocky Mountain Columbine, Lupine, Fireweed, and Sky Pilot.

The United States of Wildflowers – Part 4 New Mexico to South Carolina

              Unlike the cute animals in my previous series, you can actually buy many of these flowers to plant in your own garden. In fact, it’s often encouraged to buy these flowers depending on the location. But one size doesn’t fit all. For instance, I live in southwestern Pennsylvania which is a temperate area with significant greenery and a high rate of precipitation. That we think Seattle’s reputation as the Rainy City is basically a joke. That if you want to grow garden with a cactus or tropical orchid, then you better have a greenhouse. In this post, you’ll see a cactus from New Mexico, an endangered lupine in New York, ornate shrubs from North Carolina and Pennsylvania, a wild rose in North Dakota, garden favorites from Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Rhode Island, and a controversial yellow flower from South Carolina.

31. New Mexico

Scarlet Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus coccineus)

Why the Prettiest: For a state that’s mostly temperate desert, this is a cold-hardy, perennial cactus that produces brilliant scarlet, crimson, or orange funnel-shaped flowers.

Location: Native to the southwest United States.

Environment: Found in desert and rocky environments. Can grow up to 16 in and spread over 2ft in mounds of sprawling clumps.

Bloom Season: Blooms in the spring.

Color Varieties: Available in red, orange, yellow, pink, purple, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers full sun and sandy or rocky well drained-soil. Is cold-hardy and capable of surviving outdoors. Rots easily in heavily wet dirt. Water sparingly and allow soil to quickly dry out between waterings and keep it mostly dry during winter dormancy. If you live in a state like mine where it rains almost every other week, keep it indoors.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern.

Trivia: Has 5 subspecies. Forms tight mounds or sprawling clumps of cylindrical of blue-green to dark green stems. Has edible spherical fruits and falling thorns.

Other Candidates: California Golden Poppy, Cholla Cactus, Prickly Pear, Yucca Flower, and Indian Blanket.

32. New York

Wild Lupine (Lupinus perennis)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a native perennial wildflower known for its striking spikes of blue or purple pea-like flowers.

Location: Native to the eastern United States from southern Canada to as south as Texas and Florida.

Environment: Found in oak savannas, pine barrens, dunes, and sand plains, many of which are disturbance dependent with suppression of natural fire regimes has contributed to widespread population declines in its native range. Can grow up to 1.5-2.5ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from late spring to early summer. Used as food plants by several caterpillars of butterflies such as the clouded sulfur, eastern tail blue, gray hairstreak, silvery blue, wild indigo duskywing, frosted elfin, eastern Persius duskywing, and rare endangered Karner blue. Attracts bees.

Color Varieties: Available in blue, lavender, and purple.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers dry, acidic, well-drained, sandy soils and high-light habitats. Prefers full sun and partial shade. Can’t tolerate standing water or soggy dirt. Reproduces exclusively by seed, which require scarification and cold stratification before it can successfully sprout. Toxic to livestock like sheep and horses if ingested in large amounts.

Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable. Has experienced substantial decline since the 20th century with some areas experiencing losses as high as exceeding 90%. Causes include habitat loss, wildfire suppression, habitat fragmentation, and poor management. Considered to be threatened in New Hampshire.

Trivia: Plays an important role as a pollinator resource and a nitrogen-fixing species in which it forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules, enhancing fertility in nutrient-poor environments.

Other Candidates: Pink Lady’s Slipper, New England Aster, Red Columbine, New York Aster, and Cardinal Flower.

33. North Carolina

Catawba Rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense)

Why the Prettiest: Although a very common site, this is named after a river in North Carolina, a state that comprises of most of its native range. It’s an exquisite broadleaf evergreen shrub that produces clusters of violet, lavender, or deep purple flowers in the spring.

Location: Native in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States.

Environment: Found in woodland slopes and ridges. Can grow up to 6-10 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms during the spring from May to June. Attracts hummingbirds, butterflies, and bees.

Color Varieties: Available in pink, purple, lavender, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Widely cultivated shrub in North America and parts of Europe. Plant in partial shade or morning sun with protection from harsh afternoon rays. Requires cool, moist, well-draining, and acidic soil rich in organic matter. Keep the soil moist during establishment but never let the plant sit in soggy or waterlogged soil. Is highly flammable and should not be planted within a defensible space of your home. Susceptible to insect problems include aphids, borers, lace bugs, leafhoppers, mealybugs, mites, nematodes, scale, thrips, and whitefly. Susceptible to diseases like canker, crown rot, root rot, leaf spot, rust, and powdery mildew. Also frequently damaged by deer.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure. Though it likely lost much of its natural range due to development and deforestation.

Trivia: Has several different varieties.  

Other Candidates: Oconee Bell, Cardinal Flower, Pink Lady’s Slipper, Butterfly Weed, and Big-Headed Aster.

34. North Dakota

Wild Prairie Rose (Rosa arkansana)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s North Dakota’s state flower since 1889 along with Iowa’s. This perennial subshrub produces fragrant pink blossoms and bright red seed pods called hips.

Location: Native to a large central area of North America between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains from Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan to as south as New Mexico, Texas, and Indiana.

Environment: Found in pastures, foothills, meadows, and along roadsides. Can grow up to 40 in tall. Spreads by underground roots.

Bloom Season: Blooms from May to September. Attracts native bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects. Provides food and shelter through its winter rose hips for birds.

Color Varieties: Available in pink and white.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers full sun to partial shade. Adapts well to dry, sandy, loamy, or clay soils. Highly resistant to cold weather, fire, and drought once established.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure. Considered a weed by the US Department of Agriculture.

Trivia: Hips are rich in Vitamin C and can be used to make jellies, teas, and jams. Used in food, food additives, animal foods, bee plants, fuels, poisons, medicines, and environmental compounds.

Other Candidates: Wood Lily, Prairie Smoke, Yellow Prairie Coneflower, and Black-Eyed Susan.

35. Ohio

Large-Flowered Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)

Why the Prettiest: It’s Ohio’s state wildflower. It’s a showy spring-blooming perennial with 3 larger green leaves and a single large 3-petaled white flower that ages into a soft blush pink.

Location: Native to eastern North America from as north as Quebec to as west as Minnesota and as south as Georgia. Also has isolated populations in Iowa, Maine, southern Illinois, and Nova Scotia.

Environment: Inhabits deciduous woodlands. Can grow up to 8-16 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms during the spring such as from late April to early June. Attracts bumblebees. Seeds are dispersed by ants, yellowjackets, and deer. A favorite food of white-tailed deer.

Color Varieties: Available in white and pink.

Gardening Conditions: Favors well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic soils, usually in second or young-growth forests. Seeds have double dormancy, meaning that it takes 2 years for it to germinate. Requires 7-10 years to reach flowering size. Susceptible to phytoplasmas disease. Transplantation can result in the plant’s death.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure though it’s been threatened by habitat destruction. Though its popularity as a commercial plant have raised many conservation concerns, given that most of the plants sold are collected from the wild. Said to be critically imperiled in Nova Scotia, Alabama, New Jersey, and South Carolina. While it’s seen as vulnerable in Illinois, Georgia, and Quebec.

Trivia: A single rootstock can form clonal colonies that can become very dense. Flowers are odorless. Occasionally produces double forms of more than 3 petals. Leaves were cooked and eaten by Native Americans who also chewed rootstalks for various medical purposes. Is a symbol for the French-speaking community in Ontario.

Other Candidates: Blazing Star, Sharp-Lobed Hepatica, Goldenrod, and Aster.

36. Oklahoma

Indian Blanket (Gaillardia pulchella)

Why the Prettiest: It’s Oklahoma’s state wildflower. A short-lived perennial or annual relative of the daisy family, it produces a vibrant red-and-yellow pinwheel flowers.

Location: Native to northern Mexico and the southern and central United States as north as Nebraska.

Environment: Lives in sandy plains and deserts. Common along roads. Can grow in urban areas but usually below 3,300ft above sea level. Can grow up to 24 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from late spring to early fall or until the first frost. Attracts native bees, butterflies, and beneficial insects. Larval host of the border patch butterfly and painted schinia moth. Seeds provide valuable food source for birds like goldfinches.

Color Varieties: Available in red and yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers loose, sandy, and well-drained soil. Has a high drought tolerance and does best in a hot, dry climate with full sun. Needs only occasional water during dry spells. Can be deadheaded to promote further blooming. Self-seeds freely. Excellent for xerishaping meadows, roadside naturalization, and sunny borders.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Apparently Secure.

Trivia: County Flower of Penghu County in Taiwan. Produces a dark, reddish amber buttery tasting honey.

Other Candidates: Indian Paintbrush, Plains Coreopsis, Purple Coneflower, and Purple Poppy Mallow.

37. Oregon

Arrowleaf Balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittate)

Why the Prettiest: Known as the Oregon Sunflower, this long-lived western perennial in the sunflower family is known for its bright yellow sunflower-like blooms and large, silvery-green arrowhead-shaped leaves.

Location: Native and widespread in western Canada and the western United States. Extends from British Columbia to as south as northern Arizona and California’s Mojave Desert and as west as South Dakota’s Black Hills.

Environment: Lives in many types of habitats such as mountain forests, grasslands, and desert scrub. Can grow from 1-3 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Typically blooms from April to July depending on local climate and elevation. Palatable to grazing animals, particularly the flowers and developing seed heads. Elk and deer browse the leaves.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Is drought tolerant. Used in slope restoration projects for its beauty and slow-growing taproot. Thrives in full sun. Prefers well-drained sandy, gravely, or loamy soils. Due to taproot, it does poorly when transplanted. Best propagated by direct sowing in the fall to allow for cold stratification.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Leaves can be raw or cooked for eating but roots must be cooked before consumption. Seeds can be eaten raw or pounded into flour. Specimen collected by William Clark in 1806 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. While Merriwether Lewis collected a specimen near the Lewis and Clark Pass that same year. Used by Nez Perce, Kootenai, Salish, and Cheyenne as food and medicine. A Nlaka’pamux legend states that when this flower starts blooming meant bitterroot was ready for digging up. Official emblem of Kelowna, British Columbia in Canada.

Other Candidates: Lupine, Indian Paintbrush, Pacific Bleeding Heart, and Camas Lily.

38. Pennsylvania

Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)

Why the Prettiest: It’s Pennsylvania’s state flower alongside Connecticut’s and namesake of its southwestern Laurel Highlands. It’s a slow-growing evergreen shrub famous for its clusters of cup-shaped pink and white flowers.

Location: Native to the eastern United States with range stretching from Maine to Florida and west to Indiana and Louisiana.

Environment: Naturally found on rocky slopes and mountainous forest areas. Grows in large thickets, covering great areas of the forest floor. Grows very densely in low, wet areas and very sparse in dry uplands. Can grow up to 5-15ft tall in natural settings.

Bloom Season: Blooms in May and June. Attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. Though it has an unusual pollination process where its stamen’s flaments are bent and brought into tension. An insect landing on it releases the tension and catapults the pollen onto the insect.

Color Varieties: Available in white and light pink. Cultivated varieties in various colors.

Gardening Conditions: Thrives in acidic soil. Prefers partial shade such as morning sun filtered with afternoon shade. Individual shrubs must be spaced at least 4-6 ft apart. Apply a layer of mulch to keep shallow roots cool and moist, and prune lightly right after flowering finishes. All parts of plant are toxic upon ingestion to humans, deer, cattle, sheep, monkeys, and goats. This includes the pollen, flowers, twigs, and even food products such as its honey, which may produce neurotoxic and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans eating more than a modest amount. Symptoms begin to appear 6 hours upon ingestion which include irregular or difficulty breathing, anorexia, repeated swallowing, profuse salivation, watering of the eyes and nose, cardiac distress, incoordination, depression, vomiting, frequent defecation, weakness, convulsions, paralysis, coma, and eventually death. Can cause gastrointestinal hemorrhage in animals.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern.

Trivia: Namesake of Laurel County in Kentucky, the city of Laurel, Mississippi, and Mount Laurel, New Jersey. Was described by Carl Linneaus in 1753. Can become a tree in the Appalachians but is mainly a shrub further north. Originally brought to Europe during the 18th century as an ornamental plant. Wood is considered heavy but brittle and is more suitable for wreaths, furniture, bowls, handrails or guardrails, and other household items. Wood was used in clocks during the 19th century. Root burls were used for pipe bowls in place of briar burls unattainable in World War II. Used by the Cherokee as a medical analgesic and infusion as well as the wood for carving.

Other Candidates: Cardinal Flower, Great White Trillium, Pink Lady’s Slipper, and Blue-Eyed Mary.

39. Rhode Island

White Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa)

Why the Prettiest: Listed as a historical plant in Rhode Island, it’s a hardy, perennial wildflower is known for its showy, tubular, lavender-pin or white pompom-like clusters.

Location: Native to most of North America. Ranges from Quebec, Northwest Territories, and British Columbia to Georgia, Texas, Arizona, Idaho, and northeastern Washington.

Environment: Found in prairies, dry rocky woods, glade margins, and unplanted fields. Can grow up to 2-4 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms during mid to late summer. As a honey plant, it attracts a variety of pollinators like bees, butterflies and hummingbirds. Larval host to hermit sphinx, orange mint moth, and raspberry pyrausta.

Color Varieties: Available in pink, white, and lavender.

Gardening Conditions: Spreads via rhizomes and self-sowing to form clumping patches. Thrives in full sun to partial shade. Highly adaptable to sandy, loamy, or clay soils ranging from dry to medium moisture, preferring well-drained conditions. Provide good air circulation to prevent powdery mildew, which is common in the plant. Leave hollow dead stems standing through winter to shelter native nesting bees.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Known for its fragrance though its composition can be quite variable. Has 8 varieties. Used as a medicinal plant by Native Americans for various ailments such as colds, fevers, and headaches. Can be brewed into a soothing herbal tea.

Other Candidates: Cardinal Flower, Virginia Meadow Beauty, Butterfly Weed, New England Aster, and Black-Eyed Susan.

40. South Carolina

Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s South Carolina’s state flower. A fragrant, evergreen climbing vine famous for its bright yellow, trumpet-shaped, sweet-smelling flowers and glossy green leaves.

Location: Native to subtropical and tropical America from the southeastern and south-central United States to Guatemala.

Environment: Found in wooded areas and thickets growing on tree trunks. Can become weedy in disturbed areas and along roadsides. Can grow up to 10-20 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms in late winter into early spring. Attracts bumblebees and native bees.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Thrives best in full sun and partial shade. Prefers moist, well-drained soil. Needs regular watering when young and becomes drought tolerant once established. All parts of the plant contain toxic strychnine-related alkaloids gelsemine and gelseeminine and shouldn’t be consumed. Sap may cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Children, mistaking it for honeysuckle have been poisoned for sucking the nectar from the flower. Symptoms consist of severe muscle weakness and respiratory paralysis. Nectar is toxic to honeybees which could cause brood death when gathered by them. Plant can also be lethal to livestock. Yet, despite the hazards, it’s a popular garden plant in warmer areas. Said to be perfect for training up trellises, arbors, and fences, or letting it sprawl as a mounding ground cover on slopes.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Said to be a folk remedy for various ailments.

Other Candidates: Cahaba Lily, Goldenrod, Butterfly Milkweed, Atamasco Lily, and Wild Bergamot.

The United States of Wildflowers – Part 3 Massachusetts to New Jersey

You may notice that many of these wildflowers are often the state flowers in many of these states. But that isn’t always the case. Still, states have a habit becoming attached to certain flowers that it often becomes part of its emblem. Yet, as you’ll see later, it’s not unusual for some states to have the same state flower with the common violet being one for 4. But I can’t use the common violet for all four of them. Anyway, in this post, you’ll see a columbine from New England, a lily from the Midwest, two lady’s slippers, a coreopsis, an evening primrose, a small pink flower westerners can’t resist in Montana, two mallow flowers, and a violet with a polarizing reputation.

21. Massachusetts

Eastern Red Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)

Why the Prettiest: It’s an herbaceous perennial known for its nodding, two-toned red and yellow spurred flowers that attract hummingbirds and butterflies. Its dainty, downward-facing red and yellow blooms with backward-pointing spurs holding nectar. While its foliage consists of deeply lobed, fern-like leaves that are semi-evergreen.

Location: Native to eastern and central North America, from New Brunswick to Florida as west as from Saskatchewan to Texas. Sole native columbine from eastern North America.

Environment: Inhabits woodlands, forest edges, rocky slopes, and shaded bluffs. But can live in a wide range of habitats. Can grow up to 6-35 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from mid-spring to early summer such as from April to July. Primary pollinator is the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird but also attracts bees, bumblebees, and hawk moths. While the rusty-patched bumblebee has been known for nectar robbing by cutting holes in the spurs. Host plant for the common duskywing butterfly and columbine borer moth.

Color Varieties: Available in red and yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Commonly kept as an ornamental plant. Has a mixed mating system where it can self-pollinate and outcross. Is self-compatible and can produce seeds without a pollinator but doesn’t fully compensate. Reproductive success is also reliant on population size with larger and more densely populated areas producing more seeds. Resistant to deer and rabbit browsing. Susceptible to leaf miner activity that only creates a serpentine trail among the leaves and has a low susceptibility to disease in its native range. Grows best in light to moderate shade and prefers well-drained sandy loams, thriving in limestone-based or circumneutral soils. Plants grown in soils too moist or rich may produce weak plants with shorter lifespans. Seedlings generally flower in second year. Mature plants are highly resistant to drought. Perfect for woodland gardens, rock gardens, shady borders, and native pollinator spaces.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Has a chemical defensive system in which it releases hydrogen cyanide when plant tissue is damaged. Used by several Native American communities as a love charm by crushing its seeds and rubbed on hands like the Pawnee. Seeds also used by Omaha, Pawnee, and Ponca as perfume. Used by Pawnee and Cherokee as medicine as well.

Other Candidates: Pink Lady’s Slipper, New England Aster, and Cardinal Flower.

22. Michigan

Michigan Lily (Lilium michiganense)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a striking bulbous perennial in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi known for its bright orange, heavily spotted downward-facing flowers with petals curving sharply backward. While its leaves are lance-shaped and arranged in distinct whorls around the stem’s middle.

Location: Native to the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley regions of the United States and Canada, from South Dakota through Ontario to New York, south to Georgia to Oklahoma.

Environment: Inhabits wet meadows, fens, moist woodland edges, bottom lands and prairies. Can grow up to 5 x 2 ft.

Bloom Season: Blooms during the summer from June to August. Attracts hummingbirds, large butterflies, and sphinx moths.

Color Varieties: Available in red-orange with purple-brown spots.

Gardening Conditions: Needs full sun or partial shade. Prefers rich, deep, moist, and cool organic soils. Though adapts well to average, well-drained garden loam or clay. Ideal for native plant gardens, perennial borders, cottage gardens, or naturalized damp areas along ponds or streams. But know that voles, chipmunks, and deer love to eat the foliage or dig up the bulbs.

Conservation Status: Listed as Secure but is endangered in New York and threatened in Tennessee.

Trivia: Is often confused for the Asian Tiger Lily.

Other Candidates: Large-Flowered Trillium, Dwarf Lake Iris, Blazing Star, Prairie Smoke, and Marsh Marigold.

23. Minnesota

Showy Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium reginae)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s Minnesota’s state flower as well as a rare native orchid in North America. It features brilliant white petals paired with a large, bulbous pouch suffused with deep pink and magenta.

Location: Native to northern North America. Can be found from as north as Saskatchewan to as south as Arkansas and Tennessee. Has a strong presence in the Great Lakes region.

Environment: Grows in wetlands such as fens, wooded swamps, and riverbanks. Most likely found in mossy hummocks. Can grow up to 0.7-3ft tall, making it the tallest native northern orchid.

Bloom Season: Blooms in early to midsummer such as from June to July. Attracts and depends on pollinators like syrphid flies, beetles, and Megachile bees. Occasionally eaten by white-tailed deer.

Color Varieties: Available in white with a pouch that can be purple, pink, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Thrives in neutral to basic soils but can grow in slightly acidic conditions. Prefers very loose soil when growing in fens. Can tolerate full sun but prefers partial shade for part of the day. Since full sun exposure can bleach its lip and less deeply colored. A single seed pod can produce 50,000 seeds but there’s low seed to flowering germination. Thus, vegetative reproduction is far more common. Foliage hairs contain oils that can cause a rash similar to poison ivy or dermatitis.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern. Although it’s quite rare due to its habitat destruction and exploding deer population. So its critically imperiled and vulnerable in various states and Canadian provinces.

Trivia: Forms in clumps by branching of underground rhizomes. Roots are typically within a few inches of soil’s top. Was known to Charles Darwin who unsuccessfully tried to cultivate the plant. Provincial flower of Prince Edward Island. Has been used in native remedies for dermatitis, toothaches, anxiety, headaches, and as an antispasmodic stimulant and sedative.

Other Candidates: Large-Flowered Trillium, Purple Coneflower, Bee Balm, and Butterfly Weed.

24. Mississippi

Plains Coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria)

Why the Prettiest: This annual and biennial forb is a fast-growing, cheerful native wildflower featuring bright, yellow petals and rich maroon or brown centers.

Location: Native in Canada, northeastern Mexico, and most of the United States.

Environment: Grows in disturbed areas such as roadsides, ditches, pastures, and cultivated fields. Often found in prairies, savannas, and plains at elevations up to 6,562 ft above sea level. Can grow up to 12-40 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from June to September or by the first frost. Attracts long- and short-tongued bees, wasps, butterflies, and beetles. Is larval host to various insects.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow and deep red or brown.

Gardening Conditions: Grows well in many types of soil. But prefers sandy or well-drained loam types. Though prefers full sun, it can grow in partial shade. Though often said to be an annual, it can sometimes produce a better bloom in its second year. Self-seeds in open, bare soil. Cultivated as an ornamental plant for gardens and as a native plant for wildlife gardens and natural landscaping.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Zuni used blossoms to make a mahogany red dye for yarn, a hot beverage before coffee, and female fertility treatment.

Other Candidates: Giant Blue Iris, Yellow Jessamine, Black-Eyed Susan, Purple Coneflower, Butterfly Weed, and Cardinal Flower.

25. Missouri

Missouri Evening Primrose (Oenothera macrocarpa)

Why the Prettiest: This tough, low-lying perennial blooms showy, giant, fragrant bright yellow flowers opening in the evening. Foliage is narrow, lance-shaped, gray-green to deep green leaves on reddish trailing stems.

Location: Native to northeastern Mexico and the south-central United States.

Environment: Found in calcareous prairies, limestone outcrops, glades, bluffs, quarries, and roadsides. Can grow up to 18 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from late spring to late summer such as from May to August. Typically open in late afternoon or evening and glow through the night before fading the next morning. Pollinated by sphinx and hawk moths.

Color Varieties: Available in canary yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Suitable for ground cover in poor, sandy soil that doesn’t become waterlogged during the winter, in full sun. But tolerates partial shade. Dislikes wet, poorly-drained soils and rich, crowded environments. Has low water needs and can resist drought due to a deep taproot. Offers good moderate resistance against deer and rabbits.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Produces distinct, 4-ridged seed pods that turn burgundy and sienna in the fall. Seed pods are often used in flower arrangements.

 Best Viewing: Best seen at night during the summer.

Other Candidates: Purple Coneflower, Black-Eyed Susan, Prairie Blazing Star, Virginia Bluebell, and Dutchman’s Breeches.

26.Montana

Bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva)

Why the Prettiest: It’s Montana’s state flower since 1895 and has many geographical features with its name within its borders like the Bitterroot Mountains, the Bitterroot Valley, and the Bitterroot River. It’s a small, low-growing perennial that rarely exceeds 2 inches in height. Its fleshy rosette of succulent leaves in early spring usually wither away before the flower blooms. Blossoms are star-shaped flowers can range from deep pink to white or lavender.

Location: Native to the western North America from as north as British Columbia to as south as southern California and as east as western Montana.

Environment: Inhabits low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland, and forest. Can grow up to an inch.

Bloom Season: Blooms from April to July.

Color Varieties: Available in pink, white, and lavender.

Gardening Conditions: Can survive extremely dry conditions. Prefers dry rocky or gravelly soils.  

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: If collected early enough, its roots can be peeled, boiled, and made into a jelly-like food. Used by Native Americans as food and for ceremonies before harvest. Merriwether Lewis ate it during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Can regenerate from dry and seemingly dead roots.

Other Candidates: Indian Paintbrush, Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Glacier Lily, and Silvery Lupine.

27. Nebraska

Purple Poppy Mallow (Callirhoe involucrate)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a tough, low-lying native perennial of the Great Plains that features vibrant, cup-shaped magenta blooms with white centers.

Location: Native to the US Great Plains and adjacent areas of northern Mexico.

Environment: Found in upland prairies, roadsides, pastures, and other open, disturbed areas. Grows 6-12 in and spreads 3ft.

Bloom Season: Blooms late spring through summer and into fall. Attracts bees, bumblebees, and butterflies.

Color Varieties: Available in bright magenta or wine-red.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers dry, sandy, or loamy, well-drained soils. Dislikes wet, soggy roots, which can cause crown rot. Prefers full sun. Makes a good water thrifty ground cover, making it excellent for rock gardens, borders, and cascading over retaining walls. Due to a deep tap root, it’s very drought resistant once established. But it’s difficult to move or transplant so choose a permanent spot carefully. Generally deer resistant though rabbits may graze on young growth.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Used by Native Americans as a pain reliever.

Other Candidates: Western Prairie Fringed Orchid, Purple Coneflower, Prairie Coneflower, Carolina Puccoon, Black-Eyed Susan, Scarlet Globemallow, and Blue False Indigo.

28. Nevada

Desert Globemallow (Sphaeralcea ambigua)

Why the Prettiest: This is a perfect flower for a mostly desert state since it’s a tough, drought-tolerant perennial shrub with bright apricot-orange, bowl-shaped, hollyhock like blooms. While its fuzzy, whitish-green or green leaves have scalloped edges.

Location: Native to the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico.

Environment: Found in Mojave, Great Basin, and Sonoran Desert ecoregions. Grows well in alkaline soils, both sandy and clay, usually near creosote bush or desert chaparral habitats at 490-8,200ft in elevation. Can grow up to 2-4ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from spring to summer but could last for months. Attracts numerous bee pollinators, including the specialist ground-dwelling bee. Also attracts hummingbirds and butterflies. Provides food and habitat for other species.

Color Varieties: Available in orange.

Gardening Conditions: Can be used in native, pollinator, or drought resistant gardens and as a buffer against invasive species. Requires full sun with natural rainfall, though you can increase flowering with supplemental watering. Prefers sandy, desert soil with good drainage but can tolerate some clay. But hates heavily wet soil. Still, it can be trimmed back after heavy blooming to encourage neat shape and fresh flowers.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Used by the Shoshone people as a medicinal plant.

Other Candidates: Desert Peach, Indian Paintbrush, Lupine, Desert Marigold, and Palmer’s Penstemon.

29. New Hampshire

Pink Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium acaule)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s New Hampshire’s state wildflower. It’s also a striking orchid for its unique pouch-shaped pink flower. Its single pink or magenta pouch resembles a moccasin shoe.

Location: Native to eastern North America, particularly in the Great Lakes region, the Northeast, along the Appalachian Mountains, and every Canadian province save for British Columbia.

Environment: Found in pine forests with sandy soil, where it’s often seen in large colonies. Also grows in deciduous woods. Though mature well-shaded forests are preferred. Can grow up to 1ft 4 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from mid-spring to early summer such as from May to July. Attracts bees but they eventually stop visiting because it doesn’t produce nectar and offers no food but still gets pollinated through deception, usually by queens.

Color Varieties: Available in pink, magenta, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Takes many years to go from seed to plant that gathering seed-bearing specimens is presently unsustainable. Since tiny seeds need a special soil fungus to germinate and feed the young plant. Requires highly acidic soil and tolerates a range shade and moisture. Though prefers partial shade and well-drained slopes. Highly sensitive to shade and soil disturbances and environmental changes. Due to its fragile relationship with soil fungi, it usually dies if you dig it up and move it to a home garden. Not as common as other flowers in garden stores due to the extra care involved should the growing site not be suitable for its cultivation. Though germination labs have increased its availability.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but has experienced substantial population decline due to habitat loss, deforestation, and development. Considered vulnerable in New York, endangered in Illinois and Tennessee, and unusual in Georgia.

Trivia: Provincial flower of Saint Edward Island. Used by Native Americans as medicine. Used by Algonquin for treating menstrual disorders. Can live up to 20 years in its natural habitat.

Other Candidates: Wild Lupine, Painted Trillium, Mountain Avens, Blue Flag Iris, and Cardinal Flower.

30. New Jersey

Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia)

Why the Prettiest: It’s New Jersey’s state flower as well as that of Illinois, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. It’s a low-growing, herbaceous perennial with glossy, heart-shaped leaves with scalloped edges and blue-purple flowers with white throats.

Location: Native to eastern North America from southern Canada to northern Mexico.

Environment: Native habitats are moist, rich woods and swamps. But often found in lawns and gardens or pretty much anywhere. Can grow up to 4-6 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from April to June. Larval host for fritillary butterflies. Attracts mason bees, sweat bees, and specialist mining bees. Serves as food for wild turkeys, rabbits, deer, livestock, mourning doves, bobwhites, and white-footed mice. Seeds are dispersed by ants.

Color Varieties: Available in bluish purple, white, pink, and blue-and-white.

Gardening Conditions: Grows best in well-drained and shady habitats, likely on forest floors. But can adapt to sunny or partly shady conditions. Prefers soil that’s moist, rich, and well-drained. Has no known toxicities nor insect or disease problems and is safe around pets. Reproduces by seed and vegetatively. Can be a soft, living carpet in shade gardens and woodland edges.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Secure.

Trivia: Used as a medicine by Europeans and Native Americans. Can be eaten raw or cooked, or brewed for tea. May also work as an anti-inflammatory and used for topically skin conditions. Yet, many consider it as a weed. Can self-fertilize and shoot seeds as far as 9ft away. Used to decorate waterways and park areas. Known as a symbol of love and modesty by Sappho, Shakespeare, and Christina Rossetti. A 1920s play in France called The Captive also established it as a “lesbian flower.”

Other Candidates: Virginia Bluebell, Black-Eyed Susan, Butterfly Weed, and Spotted Beebalm.

The United States of Wildflowers – Part 2 Hawaii to Maryland

We’re off to a good start. When it comes to selecting what wildflowers to use, it must meet two criteria, it must be wild and it must be native. Sure, you may see plenty of flowers in gardens and at the garden store. But many of them are often cultivated varieties that couldn’t survive in the wild or in local conditions. While there are plenty of flowers growing in the wild that were introduced overseas, either naturalizing or becoming an invasive species. Some of these introduced species have become so invasive that they’re considered a noxious weed. In this post, we’ll see a tropical flower from Hawaii, a western lily from the Rocky Mountains, a couple of garden favorites from the Midwest, Maryland, and New England, a roadside favorite from Iowa, two irises, and an iconic phenomenon from Kansas.

11. Hawaii

Yellow Hibiscus (Hibiscus brackenridgei)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s the state flower of Hawaii. It’s a striking tropical shrub featuring vibrant yellow blooms. In Hawaii, this flower represents beauty, hospitality, and aloha.

Location: Native to the Hawaiian Islands.

Environment: Grows in lowland dry forest and shrubland up to 350 m elevation. Can grow up to 5-8ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from spring to fall but its bloom only lasts for a single day. Nonetheless, the plant itself always produces blooms continuously.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Needs full sun to partial shade during the day. Prefers well-drained, neutral to acidic fertile soil. Must be grown indoors in more temperate areas and treated as a tropical annual. Requires regular watering and annual early spring pruning. Popular as a patio pot plant, garden accent, and colorful outdoor hedge.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Critically Endangered due to habitat loss and degradation as well as introductions of invasive plants and animals. There are 7 populations with a total less than 60 plants.

Trivia: Has 3 subspecies.

Other Candidates: White Ginger Lily, Pua Kala, Beach Morning Glory, Naupaka, Flowering Maple.

12. Idaho

Common Camas Lily (Camassia quamash)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a perennial plant with an herbaceous character with grass-like, strap-like basal leaves and upright spikes of light blue or violet-blue flowers. Known for its striking, violet-blue, star-shaped flowers and importance as a traditional indigenous food source.

Location: Native to western North America from southern Canada to the Northwestern United States.

Environment: Can be found in shaded forest areas, rocky outcrops, open meadows and prairies, alongside streams and rivers, and marshes. Can grow up to 2.6 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms in the late spring and could cover an entire meadow in blue.

Color Varieties: Available in deep blue, light blue, and blue-violet.

Gardening Conditions: Can be grown as an ornamental plant and naturalizes well in gardens. Grows best in well-drained soil high in humus or heavy clay that remains wet in the winter and spring. But dries out after blooming. Plant spreads by seed. However, it looks similar to death camas which is a highly toxic and potentially fatal plant that often grows in the same areas. So don’t forage or eat wild bulbs unless you have expert verification.

Conservation Status: Classified as Secure, although it’s been diminished from its native range due to modern development and agriculture.

Trivia: Has 8 subspecies. Used as food by the Nez Perce and other indigenous tribes, often roasting and boiling the bulbs. Cultivated by the Lekwungen peoples since precolonial times. Bulb is considered edible and nutritious when roasted or boiled as well as contributed to the survival of several members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Other Candidates: Idaho Trillium, Arrowleaf Balsamroot, Camas Lily, Lupine, and Indian Paintbrush.

13. Illinois

Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)

Why the Prettiest: This is a hardy, drought-resistant perennial that produces a vibrant, pink-purple, daisy-like flowers with prominent spiky central cones. Helps that it’s a year-round magnet for wildlife.

Location: Native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the easter, southeastern, and midwestern United States as well as in Ontario. Most common in the Ozarks, the Mississippi Valley, and Ohio Valley.

Environment: Can be found in dry open woods, prairies, and barrens. Grows to 47 in tall and 10 in wide.

Bloom Season: Blooms from June to September or until the first frost. Attracts bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds during the summer. While its dried winter seed heads feed goldfinches. Slugs and rabbits also eat foliage when young or shortly after emerging.

Color Varieties: Usually available in pinkish purple.

Gardening Conditions: Grown as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Ideal for curbs, walkaways, and beds. Thrives in either dry or moist soils and tolerates drought. As long as the dirt is well-drained, it doesn’t care. But best to keep it moist while it’s young. Prefers full sun but tolerates light shade. Propagated either vegetatively with division, root cuttings, and basal cuttings or by seeds. Seed germination does best with daily temperature fluctuations. Roots can be damaged or eaten by gophers. Dead head spent summer flowers to encourage re-blooming and cut back dead stalks each early spring.

Conservation Status: Classified as Apparently Secure.

Trivia: Used by Native Americans as a traditional medicine to treat many ailments.

Other Candidates: Butterfly Weed, Dense Blazing Star, and Virginia Bluebell.

14. Indiana

Virginia Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica)

Why the Prettiest: An early spring ephemeral, it’s a low-lying perennial wildflower with small, star-shaped blooms comprising of 5 petals that look pale pink in a distance but close ups show white petals with dark pink stripes. While its foliage consists of narrow, grass-like, dark green leaves growing halfway up the thin stem.

Location: Native across eastern and midwestern United States and parts of Canada. Range from Nova Scotia down to Georgia and west Texas.

Environment: Found in temperate deciduous forests as well as lawns, city parks, woodlands, roadsides, wetlands, bluffs, and ravines. Can grow from 4-10 inches tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms in early spring to summer. Attracts native bees, honey bees, and bumblebees, providing a critical source for early season pollen and nectar. Some specialized bees rely almost exclusively on its pink pollen.

Color Varieties: Available in pale pink and yellow.

Gardening Conditions: All parts of the plant are safe for human consumption but the leaves aren’t known for tasting good. Planted in woodland gardens, rock gardens, or naturalized lawns. Does best in rich, moist, well-drained soil high in organic matter. But can adapt to clay, sand, or loam. Prefers partial shade but tolerates full sun.

Conservation Status: Listed as Secure.

Trivia: Used as a traditional medicine by the Iroquois as a cold infusion or decoction of the powdered roots to children suffering from convulsions. Also ate the roots raw as a birth control method and as food. Roots cooked by the Algonquin like potatoes. Corm like tubers were eaten by colonists as a survival food.

Other Candidates: Virginia Bluebell, Cardinal Flower, Butterfly Milkweed, Wild Bergamot, and Dwarf Larkspur.

15. Iowa

Showy Goldenrod (Solidago speciosa)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a striking perennial wildflower producing dense, upright, pyramid-shaped clusters of bright golden-yellow flowers. While its smooth, rigid stems are often reddish near the base.

Location: Native to eastern North America from the Atlantic Coast to the Great Plains from as north as southern Canada to as south as Georgia.

Environment: Found in many open areas such as fields, roadsides, hedges, and other habitats. Grows up 2-5 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from July to October or November. Major food source for bees, butterflies, and beneficial insects late in the season.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Thrives in full sun but accepts partial shade. Adapts to sand, loam, or clay as long as it drains well. Prefers dry to medium moisture and handles drought well once established. But space individual plants 2-3ft apart.

Conservation Status: Listed as Secure.

Trivia: Forms neat clumps with a fibrous root system instead of spreading aggressively like other goldenrods. In addition, due to heavy, sticky pollen that’s often carried by insects instead of the wind, doesn’t cause hay fever.

Other Candidates: Michigan Lily, Purple Coneflower, Black-Eyed Susan, Wild Bergamot, and Virginia Bluebell.

16. Kansas

Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s the state flower of Kansas and an iconic one with a major cultural footprint in the Americas and around the world. Painters like Van Gogh have painted it. There are even whole industries behind this flower for its uses, particularly in Russia and former eastern bloc countries, particularly Ukraine. This annual forb in the daisy family features bright yellow ray petals surrounding a brown, yellow, or maroon central disc often measuring 2-5 in across wild varieties.

Location: Native to southern Canada, central and western United States, and Northern Mexico.

Environment: Often appears in dry open areas and foothills. Outside cultivation, it’s found in clay-based soils that are typically wet in the spring but dry out in the summer. Can grow as tall as 2-10 ft.

Bloom Season: Blooms during the late summer to early fall. Acts as a virtual habitat providing nectar to bees and butterflies as well as seeds for birds like goldfinches, doves, and quail.

Color Varieties: Available in Yellow. But cultivated varieties have all kinds of colors.

Gardening Conditions: Grows best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with heavy mulch. Thrives best in full sun. Susceptible to the Fusarium fungus, downy mildew, broomrapes, as well as other diseases.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern.

Trivia: First domesticated by Native Americans. One of the first plants brought from the Americas to Europe during the 16th century. Domesticated form is harvested for its edible seeds for oil, confectionary, fertilizer, livestock feed, birdseed, natural dyes, or as a snack food. National flower of Ukraine and city flower of Kitakyushu, Japan. Has served as symbol of green ideology, protest movements, and indigenous tribe emblems. Subject to much of Native American mythology.

Other Candidates: Butterfly Milkweed, Purple Coneflower, Black-Eyed Susan, Missouri Evening Primrose, and Purple Prairie Clover.

17. Kentucky

Dwarf Crested Iris (Iris cristata)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a charming, low-growing perennial that produces delicate light blue, lavender, or white flowers with distinctive gold or white-and-purple crested ridges.

Location: Native to the eastern to central United States.

Environment: Grows in calcareous soils, oak woodlands (or forests), rocky hillsides, ravines, mountain ledges (and bluffs), and along streams. Can grow from 3-9 inches tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms in mid-spring such as April and May. Attracts bees and hummingbirds. Famously resistant to deer and rabbits.

Color Varieties: Available in pale lavender, light blue, purple, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Prefers to grow in well-drained soils that are neutral or slightly acidic. Also prefers high fertile soils containing humus but will tolerate loamy soils. Can tolerate full sun but prefers cool, semi-shaded positions. Has above average water needs during the growing season. Can be naturalized as well as grown in a mixed flower border, rock garden, or create ground cover in a woodland garden. Can also grow on peat banks. Best recommended to add peat and sharp sand when planting new plants. Once planted, can be surrounded with leaf mulch for water retention. Can suffer from damage from snails, slugs, deer, iris borer, verbena bud moth, whiteflies, iris weevil, thrips, aphids, and nematodes. Susceptible to bacterial leaf blight, crown rot, rhizome rot, rust, viruses, and scorch. Can be propagated through seed or by division. Grown in ideal conditions, it can live for 10 years. Nonetheless, as with most irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous. Ingesting it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant without gloves can cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction with a risk of dermatitis.

Conservation Status: Listed as Secure but considered endangered in Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Trivia: Has many different cultivars. Used by Cherokee Indians for herbal medicines treat ulcers and other ailments. Used as a thirst aid by 19th century hunters in Virginia.

Other Candidates: Virginia Bluebell, Showy Goldenrod, Fire Pink, and Yellow Lady’s Slipper.

18. Louisiana

Giant Blue Iris (Iris giganticaerulea)

Why the Prettiest: Given that Louisiana is known for its bayous, this is a wetland-loving perennial has sword-like green leaves up to 30 in long as well as massive 6 in blooms in shades of sky blue, violet, and indigo featuring a distinct yellow or white central signal. Commonly found around the city of New Orleans and is one of the few areas where a native population still exists. And it’s the most recognizable Louisiana Iris species.

Location: Native to southern United States near the Gulf of Mexico in states like Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

Environment: Grows in shallow freshwater, within roadside ditches, clearings within swamps, wet meadows, and marshes. Tolerates brackish water. Grows up to 3-6ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from March to April.

Color Varieties: Available in pale blue, bright blue, dark blue, lavender, violet, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Needs full sunlight or partial shade and moist, acidic soils with a high organic and high fertility content. For best flowering, moisture is essential in late autumn, winter, and spring times when the plant begins growing new leaves. If using fertilizer, sprinkle around plant in January or February before the plant is in flower. Propagation is best carried by rhizome division since raising a seed is a very slow process.

Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable due to habitat destruction and climate change. The Greater New Orleans area is one of the few areas where you can see in its native range.

Trivia: Available at aquatic garden centers.

Other Candidates: Coreopsis, Indian Blanket, Purple Coneflower, Passion Flower, and Swamp Milkweed.

19. Maine

Heart-Leaved Aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium)

Why the Prettiest: This hardy, shade tolerant perennial has small, daisy-like pale blue to lavender-purple flowers with yellow or pinkish centers that darken to violet. While foliage comprises of distinctive heart-shaped basal leaves.

Location: Native to eastern and central North America.

Environment: Grows primarily in mesic sites with soils that are rocky but generally rich ranging from sea level to 3,900 ft in the Appalachian Mountains. Can be found on open wooded slopes, along stream banks, on moist ledges, in swampy woods, along the borders of deciduous forests, as well as in clearings, thickets, and along ditches and roadsides. Can even be seen in urban areas where it’s considered a weed. Grows 2-4ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from August to October. Attracts bees, wasps, and butterflies. Acts as a larval host for caterpillars of the pearl crescent butterfly and the wavy-lined emerald moth.

Color Varieties: Available in pale blue, lavender, and purple.

Gardening Conditions: Reproduces by seed or vegetatively via short rhizomes. Susceptible to brown rust and red rust. Prefers partial shade to full shade but can tolerate full sun with enough moisture. Adapts well to average, dry, or moist well-drained soils but dislikes being consistently wet.

Conservation Status: Listed as Secure but seen as imperiled and vulnerable in some states. Seen as an introduced species in the UK and Norway.

Trivia: Used by the Ojibwe to make incense to attract deer.

Other Candidates: Black-Eyed Susan, Pink Lady’s Slipper, Trout Lily, and Bunchberry.

20. Maryland

Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s Maryland’s state flower since 1918. Is often used in gardens and ceremonies to celebrate, memorialize, and show affection for the state and its people. Known for its bright yellow petals and deep brown center.

Location: Native to eastern and central North America.

Environment: Often found in roadsides and old fields where soil has been disturbed as well as in the woods. Grows 1-3ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms during the summer through fall. Attracts butterflies. Larval host to the bordered patch, gorgone checkerspot, and silvery checkerspot.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Self-seeds to return each year, making it difficult to classify it as either an annual or short-lived perennial. Needs full sun for the best blooms. Prefers well-drained loam, clay, or sandy soil but tolerates poor soil conditions. Water deeply when first planted but can be very drought tolerant once established. Yet, leave dead heads and seed heads through the winter to feed birds, insulate roots before cutting back in the spring.

Conservation Status: Listed as Secure.

Trivia: Has 4 varieties. Used as Native American medicine for various ailments.

Other Candidates: Virginia Bluebell, Butterfly Weed, Cardinal Flower, Wild Bergamot, and Eastern Red Columbine.

The United States of Wildflowers – Part 1 Alabama to Georgia

              In my country, the United States of America, wildflowers are often part of the American landscape but often don’t receive the recognition they deserve. Yes, many appear in gardens for their ornamental value. But so often we don’t think of these flowers existing in a wild setting. While those we see growing in the wild are often seen as either part of the scenery and those in our lawn are often seen as weeds to mow over or else face the wrath of the local HOA. However, these flowers are part of our heritage and in this series, I’ll highlight the prettiest wildflower from each state. In this post, we’ll look at a rare aquatic plant from the south, a hardy lupine in the far north, a couple red flowers in the southeast, a pink flower in the desert, a poppy and columbine in the west, a marsh flower in New England, a butterfly flower in Delaware, and an aquatic flower in Florida.

  1. Alabama

Cahaba Lily (Hymenocallis coronaria)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a rare aquatic perennial flower with one of its largest populations in the state’s Cahaba River in 3 places including the Cahaba River Wildlife Refuge and Buck Creek. Also present in the Black Warrior, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Chattahoochee river systems. Its flowers are showy, fragrant blossoms about 3 in wide with a central cup-like structure called a corona. While its leaves are long, green, flat, and strap-like.

Location: Found only in the southeastern United States such as in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina.

Environment: Lives near rocky shoals of rivers and other fresh waterways within the southeast. Grows 3-4 ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from early May to late June with each fragrant flower opening overnight and lasting for a day. Visited and possibly pollinated by the plebian sphinx moth and pipevine swallowtail butterfly.

Color Varieties: Available in white.

Gardening Conditions: Requires a swift, shallow water current and direct sunlight to flourish. Develops from bulb lodging in rocky shoal cracks. Gardeners sometimes grow them in consistently moist garden soil.

Conservation Status: Classified as Vulnerable due to entire populations being wiped out thanks to dam construction, chemical runoff, sewage, and industrial waste threatening fragile river ecosystems. There are approximately only 50 extant populations that only exist in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. A conservation project in Georgia entails seeds being collected, germinated, and grown to establish hardy root systems. Before being planted along river areas where habitat is prime.

Trivia: Also known as a shoals lily or shoals spider lily.

Other Candidates: Pink Lady’s Slipper, Fire Pink, Yellow Trout Lily, Giant Blue Iris, and Purple Coneflower.

2. Alaska

Arctic Lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a perennial flower with a strong native presence in Alaska and enjoys significant popularity in Europe. Sports palmately compound (hand-shaped) leaves with dark green 3-9 leaflets that are covered in fine hairs. Displays tall, showy racemes (spikes) of pea-like flowers.

Location: Native to the western coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands, South central Alaska, and along the Alaskan panhandle to British Columbia.

Environment: Grows along roadsides, gravel bars, open meadows, and forest clearings. Thrives in well-drained slopes, subalpine ridges, open tundra, and forest clearings. Grows up to 18-20 in tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from June to August. Attracts beneficial insects such as native bees, bumblebees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.

Color Varieties: Available in blue, purple, pink, and white.

Gardening Conditions: Is tolerant of cool, wet summers and seed sowing is preferable since its long tap root makes transplanting difficult. Fuzzy seed pods are attractive to children but speckled black seeds can be toxic. Though the toxins flush through the system, internal use isn’t advised naturally. Since ingesting large quantities can cause respiratory depression, sleepiness, and convulsions.

Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern. Considered invasive in Iceland.

Trivia: Introduced to Europe in the 18th century and is one of the species from which garden hybrids are derived. Valued in Britain and Northern Europe. Is a rigorous self-seeder and seeds can demonstrate extreme dormancy longevity.

Other Candidates: Fireweed, Wild Iris, and Chocolate Lily.

3. Arizona

Parry’s Penstemon (Penstemon parryi)

Why the Prettiest: This flower is native perennial to southern Arizona’s Sonoran Desert. Has bright pink to magenta tubular, bell-shaped blooms lining upper stems. Also sports bluish-green, lance-shaped leaves forming a low cluster (rosette) at the plant’s base.

Location: Native to the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

Environment: Lives in the lowland desert. Can grow 2-5 ft high in upright flowering stalks and blooms in its second year. Can survive average Sonoran rainfall but not prolonged drought.

Bloom Season: Blooms in from March to May. Major favorite of hummingbirds and large butterflies.

Color Varieties: Available in pink, magenta, and red.

Gardening Conditions: Flowering is only achieved in its first year if planted in autumn. Thrives in full sun and part shade. Has low water needs and tolerates cold from 10-20 º F depending on growth stage. Needs dry, well-drained soil.

Conservation Status: Classified as Apparently Secure but faces threats of climate change.

Trivia: Finches and other small birds eat its dry seeds on stalks. While rabbits rarely chew its foliage.

Other Candidates: California Poppy, Desert Globemallow, Owl’s Clover, and Brittlebrush.

4. Arkansas

Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a perennial herbaceous but short-lived plant known for its brilliant, vivid red spikes attracting hummingbirds and butterflies. Sports tubular, bright red blooms with a split lower lip, opening from bottom to top on a spike. Foliage comprises of dark green, lance-shaped and finely-toothed leaves.

Location: Native to southeastern Canada, eastern and southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and northern Colombia.

Environment: Found primarily in wet places like riparian zones, riverbanks, bogs, and swamps. Sometimes found in damp or semi-flooded or shaded forest areas. Tends to occupy locations near a water source, providing its roots with consistent hydration via groundwater from saturated soil. Could even be found growing away from or closer to the water and growing aquatically but often with the foliage submerged and flowers at the surface. Can grow up to 2-4 ft tall. Relies on profligate self-seeding.

Bloom Season: Season runs from July through September. Favorite of hummingbirds and butterflies.

Color Varieties: Available in red.

Gardening Conditions: Requires fairly deep soils that remains reliably moist yet sufficiently aerated year-round. May be grown as an accent plant in or along ponds, fountains, or other garden water features. If not planted in or around a water source, it prefers its roots to stay cool, something achieved when grown in dappled sun or part shade. Easily propagated by seed or dividing out young plants forming around the older, mature plants each year. Contains a number of naturally occurring toxic alkaloids such as lobelanine and lobeline, rendering it harmful upon ingestion even in small to mid-sized quantities. Negative symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive salivation, fatigue/exhaustion, weakness, pupil dilation, convulsions, and even a coma.

Conservation Status: Currently classified as Least Concern.

Trivia: Used frequently in aquariums and aquascaping hobbies. Used by the Zuni as an ingredient for “schumaakwe cakes” and externally for rheumatism and swelling. Penobscot people dried and smoked (and maybe even chewed) its leaves as a tobacco substitute.

Other Candidates: Purple Coneflower, Black-Eyed Susan, Butterfly Weed, Indian Pink, and White Bergamot.

5. California

California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica)

Why the Prettiest: For one, this short-lived perennial or annual plant is California’s official state flower since 1903. Los Angeles County has the Antelope California Poppy Reserve that covers all 1,745 acres of the place during blooming season. Other prominent locations are Bear Valley and Point Buchon. Foliage comprises of distinctive, delicate blue-green leaves with a feathery, lacy texture.

Location: Native to the Pacific Northwest to the Sonora.

Environment: Grows in areas with sunny weather with poor, sandy, or rocky well-drained soil. Grows 1-2ft tall with a compact spread.

Bloom Season: Blooms from February to September. However, flowers can close at night or in windy, cold, and cloudy weather. Attracts native bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects.

Color Varieties: Available in orange and yellow in the wild. Available in a wide range of flowers as a garden plant.

Gardening Conditions: Best grown as an annual and is easy to tolerate due to being drought tolerant and self-seeding. Ideal setting is full sun and well-draining sandy or loam soil. Water sparingly.

Conservation Status: Classified as Apparently Secure although it’s been threatened by climate change. Has been sold and naturalized throughout Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina.

Trivia: Has 90 synonyms and 4 varieties. Leaves are often used as a food or garnish and seeds are used in cooking. Petals can be used to create a syrup or dried and added to water to make an infusion or boiled for tea. Used by the some of the state’s ingenious peoples as traditional medicine and cosmetics.

Other Candidates: Matiljia Poppy, Baby Blue Eyes, Arroyo Lupine, Dahlia, California Fuschia, Coyote Mint.

6. Colorado

Colorado Blue Columbine (Aquilegia coerulea)

Why the Prettiest: For one, it’s Colorado’s official state flower since 1899. Features large, showy flowers with pale blue or violet sepals/spurs and creamy white petals and delicate grayish green foliage.

Location: Found in the Rocky Mountains in the western United States from southern Montana to northern New Mexico.

Environment: Grows in mountainous areas from foothills to above timberline in the alpine tundra. Prefers moist areas and often found in quaking aspen groves. Can also grow in open coniferous forests, meadows, and in clearings. Can grow up to 6-31 inches.

Bloom Season: Usually as early as April and as late as September. But typically no earlier than May. Mainly pollinated by bumblebees, hummingbirds, and hawkmoths who can’t resist its nectar rich blooms.

Color Varieties: Available in blue, purple, and white in the wild. Cultivated varieties have a wide range of colors.

Gardening Conditions: Grows poorly in heavy soils without good drainage. Most successful in average and medium garden soil that’s well drained and even moisture as well as regular watering within its first year. Can be grown in full sun or partial shade, but does best in light to moderate shade. Used as an ornamental plant in gardens for cut flowers, informal gardens, with roses and other shrubs, and in wildlife gardens. Vulnerable to powdery mildews, particularly when its leaves are regularly watered by overhead irrigation. Susceptible to infestation by aphids, leaf-miner flies, and saw flies. Seeds treated in gibberellic acid and planted in 70 º F results in 93% germination within 3 weeks.

Conservation Status: Classified as Apparently Secure yet faced threats due to overgrazing by cattle and sheep.

Trivia: Frequent garden plant and used in breeding columbine hybrids. A perennial plant that lives 4-6 years. Said to have 6 synonym species, 7 subspecies, 5 varieties, and 2 botanical forms. Seeds have been used by the Goshute people as traditional medicine.

Other Candidates: Indian Paintbrush, Lupine, Western Pasqueflower, and Elephant’s Head.

7. Connecticut

Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris)

Why the Prettiest: This is a prevalent wild flower in many areas of the eastern United States. Displays showy, buttercup-like yellow flowers with 5-9 petal-like sepals. While its leaves are glossy, dark-green heart- or kidney-shaped.

Location: Native to temperate regions in Northern Hemisphere. Can be found in most of northeastern United States.

Environment: Found in marshes, fens, ditches, and waterway edges in wet woodland or meadow. Grows in oxygen-rich water near the soil’s surface. Can grow to 4-31 in.

Bloom Season: Blooms between April and August depending on altitude and latitude. When it blooms, it dominates the landscape. Attracts beetles, thrips, bugs, butterflies, sawflies, bees, ants, and flies.

Color Varieties: Available in yellow, white, and pink.

Gardening Conditions: Likes rich soil but dislikes application of fertilizer since it avoids high concentrations of ammonium, phosphate, and brackish water. This may be due to seepage that’s rich in iron due to iron ions reacting with phosphate, making it unavailable for plants. This results in insoluble mineral appearing as rusty “flocs” on the water soil and the surface on marsh plants’ stems. Affected by rust species Puccinia calthea and P. calthicola. Contain several active substances with the most important being protoanemonin. Large quantity consumption can cause convulsions, throat burning, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness, and fainting. Skin or mucus membrane contact with its juices can lead to blistering, inflammation and gastric illness if ingested. Although the toxins could be neutralized and made edible if cooked. Recommended for low-maintenance wildlife gardens, rain gardens, pond edges, stream banks, and bog gardens.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern.

Trivia: Has a variety of vernacular names. Is adapted for rain pollination. Each flower can produce up to 200 seeds.

Other Candidates: Cardinal Flower, Purple Trillium, Wild Columbine, Mountain Laurel, and Black-Eyed Susan.

8. Delaware

Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a perennial species of milkweed that’s a stunning clump of perennial flower prized for its flat-topped clusters of bright orange blossoms. Not to mention a host flower for many species of insects including the monarch butterfly.

Location: Can be found in most of the contiguous United States as north as South Dakota to as south as Texas and Mexico and to as west as Utah.

Environment: Found in dry to medium moist soils, clearings, meadows, and open areas. Can grow up to 1.5-3ft tall.

Bloom Season: Blooms from April to September. Primary pollinators are bees and wasps but also attracts butterflies, moths, and hummingbirds. Is the larval food plant of the monarch butterfly, the queen butterfly, dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia. Not a preferred host plant for the monarch butterfly but caterpillars can be reared successfully since it’s a poor source of protection from bird predation and parasite virulence.

Color Varieties: Available in orange, yellow, and red.

Gardening Conditions: Favors dry, sand, or gravel soils and requires full sun. Most easily propagated by seed. Sow it after a frost, it will flower and produce seed within its third year. Water regularly until mature but don’t fertilize. Has deep, woody taproot so it’s difficult to transplant. Has few pest and disease problems but is susceptible to crown rot if planted in poorly drained or too constantly moist locations. Resistant to deer and drought. Contains toxic progesterone-like steroids can cause weakness, seizures, or corneal injuries. Don’t use as a herbal remedy if you’re pregnant or nursing.

Conservation Status: Classified as Secure though its importance to the life of the monarch butterfly makes it an important plant in conservation.

Trivia: Has been found to be largely unaffected by prescribed burns. Roots boiled and used by Native Americans and European settlers as a remedy for diarrhea and respiratory illness. Young seed pods were used as food. Seed pod down was used to make candle wicks. While ethanol extract from roots was used to treat pleurisy.

Other Candidates: Cardinal Flower, Black-Eyed Susan, and Wild Bergamot.

9. Florida

American Lotus (Nelumbo lutea)

Why the Prettiest: It’s a perennial aquatic plant that’s absolutely perfect for a state known for the Everglades. Sports fragrant pale yellow blooms that are often 7-11 in across and stand high above water. While its blue-green leaves can exceed 2 ft in diameter which attach right to the middle giving the foliage rising straight out of the water like an inverted umbrella.

Location: Native throughout North America with range covering as north as Minnesota to as south as Honduras. Although it’s said that indigenous communities likely expanded its distribution northward and eastward since they used it as a valuable source of food and medicine.

Environment: Grows in lakes and swamps as well as areas subject to flooding. Thrives in shallow freshwater wetlands, quiet lakes, slow rivers, and backwaters with muddy bottoms. Roots are anchored in mud but leaves and flowers emerge on water’s surface. Can grow as tall as 2.6-4.9 ft.

Bloom Season: Season is late spring into the summer. Opens in the morning and closes late afternoon. Larval host plant of the American Lotus borer. Provides food to waterfowl and muskrats. Attracts native bees.

Color Varieties: Available in pale yellow and white.

Gardening Conditions: Spreads via creeping rhizomes and seeds. Widely planted in ponds as an ornamental plant. Propagation seeds can be achieved through scarifying the seed’s pointed tip and soaking it in water or division of established plants. Very cold-hardy as well as helps stabilize mud and keep water clear.

Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern but has experienced recent population declines due to habitat destruction and have a low level of diversity within its numbers.

Trivia: Has been crossed to create many hybrids as an ornamental plant. Seeds and fruit used by various Native Americans as food and roots as medicine.

Other Candidates: Black-Eyed Susan, Bright Yellow Coreopsis, Scarlet Rosemallow, Blazing Star, and Meadow Beauty.

10. Georgia

Flame Azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum)

Why the Prettiest: This native Appalachian deciduous shrub stands out with its showy flowers. Has clusters of vibrant fiery red, orange, and yellow blossoms.

Location: Native to the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States from southern Pennsylvania and Ohio to northern Georgia.

Environment: Typically found in woodlands slopes and mountain balds, preferring dry rocky mountain woods and mixed deciduous forests. Can grow from 4-8 ft tall and 8-10 ft wide.

Bloom Season: Blooms in late spring into early summer, typically from May to June. Visited by many animals including bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, and small mammals.

Color Varieties: Available in red, orange, pink, and yellow.

Gardening Conditions: Is a popular cultivated plant due to its showy flowers. Requires minimum soil depth of 14 in., a pH range of 4.3-5.8, and at least a 200 day growing season. Prefers soil that’s well-drained, mesic to moist, medium to fine texture, and with partial shade. Can tolerate full sun if soil is consistently moist since afternoon sun can scorch the leaves. In fact, always keep the shallow root systems cool and moist by applying a thick layer of mulch. Doesn’t like “wet feet” or standing water, which causes root rot. Susceptible to fungus Exobasidium vaccinii. All parts are toxic to humans and pets through ingestion.

Conservation Status: Classified as Secure but could be extirpated from Pennsylvania and Alabama.

Trivia: Has several hybrid varieties.

Other Candidates: Cahaba Lily, Pink Lady’s Slipper, Yellow Colic Root, Butterfly Weed, and Fire Pink.

The United States of Cuteness: Part 5 – South Dakota to Wyoming

Hope you enjoyed this series as much as I’ve been compiling it. After all the shit’s been going on in the news and in our lives, we all need some cuteness to escape to now and again. Sure, you may only see many of these animals in zoos, on vacation, or on TV. But some you might be able to see during a walk in the park or in your own backyard. Especially when it comes to some of these small birds you can find in vast areas of the country. In fact, it’s kind of surprising how small some of these animals are, especially if you see how they’re photographed up close. In this final post, we’ll meet the last batch of creatures representative of the United States of Cuteness. You’ll meet a couple of foxes in South Dakota and Utah, a stunning duck in Tennessee, an adorable cat in Texas, an iconic hare in Vermont, a couple of squirrels in Virginia and West Virginia, an adorable marine critter in Washington, a little badass in Wisconsin, and a cute little masked sausage in Wyoming.

41. South Dakota

Swift Fox (Vulpes velox)

Why the Cutest: Boasting oversized, expressive ears, a long, black-tipped bushy tail, and a delicate, slender frame, this house cat-sized fox is an incredibly cute canid on the Great Plains. Helps that its kits resemble tiny, animated fluff balls when playing in the western grasslands. In addition, it’s a highly intelligent, curious, and alert canid that could be incredibly bold or incredibly timid. And while many foxes may be solitary, this cute doggie mates for life and shares caregiving duties with mates and family packs.

Lifespan: Typically lived 3-6 years in the wild but can live up to 14 in captivity. Predators include coyotes, American badgers, golden eagles, and bobcat. Als vulnerable to trapping, poisoning, and vehicle deaths.

Location and Habitat: Lives in western North America between the US-Canadian border to as south as New Mexico. Primarily resides in short grass prairies, temperate deserts, and western grassland.

Diet: Eats rabbits, mice, ground squirrels, birds, insects, other arthropods, lizards, amphibians, fish, eggs, fruits, geese, deer, and carrion.

Behavior: Is primarily nocturnal, spending only evenings and nighttime above ground during the summer. Daytime activity is usually confined to the den except during the winter when it could be active midday. Forms dens on sandy soils on open prairies, in plowed fields, or along fences. But can also use dens once made by other animals. Uses den as shelter from predators. Can occupy 13 dens a year due to scarce prey or skin parasite build up. Breeding season is from December to March. Is usually monogamous but other mating strategies have been observed. Some mate for life some choose different partners each year. Females typically produce 4-5 kits per litter. Social organization is based around females who maintain territory at all times. Males may move if a resident female is killed or removed.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but was once considered endangered due to predator control programs aimed at the gray wolf and coyote. But reintroduction efforts in western Canada and the western US have proven successful and stabilized the population. Today it occupies only 40% of its historical range.

Trivia: Can sprint 30-40 mph.

Other Candidates: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Raccoon, Eastern Cottontail, and Red Fox.

42. Tennessee

Wood Duck (Aix sponsa)

Why the Cutest: The male wood duck is a stunningly colorful bird and is considered the most beautiful waterfowl in North America. The drake features a brilliant, iridescent green and purple crest, a rich chestnut breast, and a fine striped pattern making it look like a painted wooden or ceramic sculpture on someone’s buffet table. The hen displays softer gray-brown feathers and distinct white teardrop shape around the eye. But both sexes have a unique boxy, crested head, and a sleek, elegant posture. The ducklings are especially brave since they have to jump 50ft from the nest after hatching in response to their mothers’ calls, often emerging unharmed and ready to explore.

Lifespan: Usually lives 3-4 years in the wild but exceptional individuals can live 15-20 years. 90% of ducklings die within the first 2 weeks of life due to weather, jumping from high tree cavities, or predation. Predators include hawks, raccoons, owls, red foxes, gray foxes, large fish, American alligators, American minks, and black rat snakes.

Location and Habitat: Lives in most of North America from southern Canada to as south as Cuba. Some migrate and some don’t. Resides in wooded swamps, shallow lakes, marshes, ponds, and creeks.

Diet: Eats berries, acorns, and insects.

Behavior: Nests in cavities in trees close to water but will take advantage of nesting boxes in wetland locations. Females line the nest with feathers or other soft materials. Females can produce 2 broods of 7-15 eggs within a single season and is the only North American duck to do so. Breeding season is February to April. Females laying eggs too close together may lead to overfilled nests, unincubated eggs, and a practice known as “nest dumping.” Ducklings are born able to climb from the nest cavity and jump down from the nest to the ground sometimes as far as 50ft over water or leaf litter. Often landing unharmed. That is, as soon as their mother gives the call that it’s safe to do so. Males play no part in rearing chicks. Male courtship displays employ specific mating calls to attract females and establish pair bonds, which can comprise of melodic whistles followed by head-bobbing and wing-flashing.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern, but populations have suffered serious declines during the 19th century thanks to market hunting for feathers in ladies’ hats and habitat loss that it nearly disappeared by the 20th century. The Migratory Bird Treaty, nesting boxes, and beaver conservation efforts have allowed it to make a comeback with major increases in recent years.

Trivia: The only duck equipped with sharp claws that perches and nests on trees. Breeding range has expanded to the Great Plains in recent decades. Males have distinctive vocalizations playing an important role in communication, especially during mating season. With the primary call being a whistle described as “jeeee.” Females produce several distinct calls like a drawn-out, rising squeal such as “do weep do weep,” and a sharp “c-r-ek, c-r-ek” alarm call. Vocalizations vary between sexes with each having specific calls for different social contexts like mate attraction, territorial defense, and maintaining contact with mates and offspring. Is the official duck of Michigan. Feeds by dabbling on the surface. Male is the most colorful American waterfowl.

Other Candidates: Raccoon, American Mink, North American River Otter, Eastern Chipmunk, Red Fox, Gray Fox, and Easter Box Turtle.

43. Texas

Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

Why the Cutest: Finding a cat representative in the United States of Cuteness is especially difficult. While South America has plenty of cute felines, most North American wild cats aren’t exactly cute as adults. Far from it in fact. Yet, given that the US of Cuteness needs a cat, the Ocelot is a key shoo-in. Especially given its small critically endangered population in Texas’ Rio Grande Valley that really desperately needs saving. Nonetheless, unlike the other wild cats in North America, the Ocelot resembles an adorable-looking miniature jaguar you could cuddle (but please don’t since it’s a fierce and unpredictable predator that should remain wild). Its coat is a gorgeous camouflaged fur with unique rosettes, spots, and stripes. It’s also only twice the size of a domestic cat with kitten-like proportions making it look endlessly playful. It even loves climbing trees, leaping through foliage, as well as displays high energy and curious expressions.

Lifespan: Usually live 7-10 years in the wild, sometimes even as long as 12. Can live up to 20 years in captivity. Causes of death are predation, vehicle collisions, disease, and habitat loss. Predators include cougars, coyotes, American alligators, great horned owls, bobcats, feral dogs, feral pigs, crotalid pit vipers, jaguars, and colubrid constrictors.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the Southwestern US to South America. Inhabits tropical forests, thorn forests, mangrove swamps, and savannas. Often prefers a place near a water source, plenty of prey, and with adequate cover from predators.

Diet: Eats rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, opossums, fish, crustaceans, insects, reptiles, and birds. Prefers smaller prey but rarely targets deer, peccaries, anteaters, monkeys, and iguanas.

Behavior: Is usually solitary, nocturnal, and territorial but often wakes up in the late afternoon. While juveniles sometimes interact with their parents and adults may contact each other at communal latrines. During the day, it rests on trees, in dens below trees, or other cool, sheltered sites on the ground. Can breed at any time throughout the year but mating season is usually in the fall and winter. Those in South America breed in the summer. Uses long range “yowl” and a short range “meow” during that time. Females typically produce 2-3 kittens per litter. Kittens remain with mother for 2 years. Scent marks its territory with urine. Uses scent trails to find prey and may wait at a site for 30-60 minutes before moving on.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concerned but considered Critically Endangered in the United States due to past hunting practices, habitat loss, agricultural development, the fur trade, the pet trade, deforestation, poaching of prey animals, and traffic accidents. In 2014, it was said there were only 50-80 individuals in Texas resulting in increased inbreeding and low genetic diversity. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and The Nature Conservancy are active in its conservation such as protection and vegetation regeneration in the Rio Grande Valley. While reintroduction efforts are taking place on private lands. There is even a captive breeding program of this animal in Brazil in partnership with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Its Central and South American populations are more stable, but conservation measures are still necessary, especially since many live in the Amazon Rainforest. As of 2026, it’s said its global population is decreasing.

Trivia: Has 4 subspecies. Is efficient at climbing, leaping, and swimming. Has been depicted in pre-Columbian artwork and mythology. Bones were once used in ritual blood letting and for piercing ears.

Other Candidates: Raccoon, North American River Otter, White-Nosed Coati, Ringtail, Gray Fox, Red Fox, and Texas-Horned Lizard.

44. Utah

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)

Why the Cutest: It’s the smallest fox in North America. Said to be the American equivalent of the Fennec Fox. Being the size of a small house cat, the Kit Fox comes off as a jacked version of a Chihuahua. It has huge, striking ears helping it prey in the dark and release body heat to remain cool in hot deserts. Not to mention give it an endearing look. While its soft, grayish tan fur helps it smoothly blend into sandy, arid landscapes. Its small build, slender frame, and delicate features make it permanently resemble a playful puppy. Whie it has fuzzy fur on its paw pads to protect itself from the hot desert sand. Still, despite its adorable appearance, it’s a tough nocturnal hunter.

Lifespan: Typically lived 5-6 years but can live 10-12 years in captivity. 74% of pups die the first year. Predators include coyotes, golden eagles, large hawks, bobcats, and American badgers.

Location and Habitat: Lives western North American as north as Oregon to as south as northern Mexico. Resides in desert scrub, chaparral, halophytic regions, and grasslands. Can be found in agricultural areas, especially orchards as well as even inhabit urban areas. Found 1,300 – 6,200ft above sea level.

Diet: Is an opportunistic omnivore and scavenger but is chiefly carnivorous. Eats Merriam’s kangaroo rat, lagomorphs, insects, rodents, birds, reptiles, carrion, fish, tomatoes, cactus fruits, and black-tailed jack rabbits. Can eat human food as well.

Behavior: Is mostly nocturnal and sometimes crepuscular, escaping heat stress during the day by resting in an underground den. Is a solitary forager but lives in pairs or in small family groups. Uses dens for daytime resting, escaping predators, preserving moisture, as well as carrying and rearing young. Digs its own dens but will repurpose burrows of other animals like badgers, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, and kangaroo rats. Also, caches food. Has dens spread across its home range and uses more than 11 of them a year. Is socially monogamous and sticks with its mate throughout the year though polygamous arrangements have been observed. Mating season is typically from September to February with females selecting and retrofitted, mating pairs are established, and actually mating ensues. Females typically produce 4-5 kits per litter with a roughly even sex ratio. Both parents contribute to raising the young.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but its San Joaquin subspecies is currently seen as Endangered due to habitat loss. Still, numbers have been decreasing in recent years.

Trivia: Has 8 subspecies. Smallest native fox in North America. Unlike most canids, it pants at a rate proportional to the ambient temperature before the rate exceeds the resonant frequency. In doing so, it exercises the economics of water at the cost of energy. Although not as speedy as it appears, its small size, cryptic coloration, and incredibly ability to evade and change directions provides that illusion.

Other Candidates: American Pika, Least Chipmunk, Utah Prairie Dog, and Uinta Ground Squirrel.

45. Vermont

Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus)

Why the Cutest: It’s an exceptionally adorable fluffy mammal, especially during its winter “snow bunny” phase. Its large hind feet are covered in thick fur, allowing it to easily hop over deep snowbanks without sinking. Its summer coat is reddish brown to match the forest floor dirt. When winter comes, it turns into a fluffy, pure white “snow bunny.” Add its big dark eyes, twitchy nose, and long ears tipped with soft black or brown markings. And unlike typical newborn rabbits, its babies are born fully furred with open eyes and can hop around almost immediately.

Lifespan: Usually live 1-2 years in the wild with 85% dying within its first year due to harsh conditions and heavy predation. Though some individuals have lived as many as 5. Can live up to 8 in captivity. Canada lynx is its main predator whose relationship has been used as a case study of relationships between predators and prey in biology classes in regards to its population cycles. Other predators include foxes, bobcats, fishers, martens, long-tailed weasels, minks, domestic cats, domestic dogs, coyotes, cougars, owls, wolves, red-tailed hawks, American goshawks, corvids, buteonine hawks, and black bears.  

Location and Habitat: Lives in northern North America from Alaska to the Appalachian and Rocky Mountain ranges. Resides in areas with dense plant coverage such as boreal forests, upper montane forests and wetlands, agricultural land, uplands, second-growth forests with dense, bushy understories, coniferous and mixed forests, shrubby oil field areas, early to mid-successional burns, shrub swamps, bogs, clear-cut areas, and upper montane krumholz vegetation.

Diet: Eats buds, twigs, evergreen needles, bark, carrion, herbs, berries, fruits, nuts, ferns, flowers, forbs, leaves, grasses, and woody plants.

Behavior: Is nocturnal and crepuscular, shy, and secretive. Avoids open areas during bright moon phases, especially during the winter. Spends most of the day in shallow depressions called forms, scraped up under clumps of ferns, brush thickets, and downed piles of wood. Breeding season spans from December to August in which it’s diurnal. Females typically produce 2-4 offspring per litter, which could be 2-3 a year depending on cycle. Siblings stay with each other during the day and gather each evening to nurse after leaving their natal home. Is active year-round and feeds at night.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but is vulnerable to climate change which can leave it more vulnerable to predators in its white phase. Doesn’t help that it’s actually something of a keystone species in its environment. So if its numbers crash, it might spell doom for other species.

Trivia: Has 15 subspecies. Gets its name from its large hind feet, which prevent it from sinking into soft snow, much like snowshoes. Has 2 seasonal coats for camouflage: short brown fur in the summer and long white coat for winter.

Other Candidates: Stoat, Black-Capped Chickadee, North American River Otter, Eastern Chipmunk, Red Fox, and North American Porcupine.

46. Virginia

Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans)

Why the Cutest: Rocket “Rocky” J. Squirrel is one and is the mascot for a minor league team in Richmond, Virginia. Graceful in flight but a very clumsy walker, this flying ball of fluff has huge dark eyes, soft gray-brown fur, and loose skin to enable its gliding from tree to tree. Not to mention, it loves to cuddle with friends and family during long, harsh winters.

Lifespan: Typically live around 3-6 years in the wild and 10-15 years in captivity. Predators include snakes, owls, hawks, raccoons, and domestic cats.

Location and Habitat: Lives in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States with small pockets in Mexico and Central America. Resides in deciduous and mixed woods, preferably in places in abundant hickory and beech trees. Can live in suburban areas, but not in great numbers.

Diet: Eats fruits and nuts from trees like red and white oak, hickory, and beech. Also snacks on insects, buds, mushrooms, mycorrhizal fungi, carrion, bird eggs, nestlings, and flowers.

Behavior: Like most flying squirrels, it’s nocturnal. Produce 2 litters of 2-7 young each year. Stores food, especially acorns for winter consumption. If it’s on the ground and in danger, it prefers to hide over trying to escape. Nests in natural cavities and woodpecker holes which it builds with twigs. Is highly social and has been observed flying in large groups. Often crowd in dens, especially as temperatures decline during the colder months. Although it prefers relatives, it’s tolerant of non-related but familiar neighbors, especially when it means better heat retention and a wider mate selection. But often fly and cache solo during the summer months.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but often sensitive to forest disturbances than previously believed.

Trivia: Has 11 subspecies. Has substantial homing abilities and can return to its nest if artificially removed to distances up to a kilometer. Exposure to these critters has been linked to cases of epidemic typhus. Can also be host to Rickettsia prowazekii bacteria and transmission to humans is said to occur via aerosolized feces and fleas associated with G. volans. Doesn’t actually fly but glide using a loose skin membrane called a patagium. Can initiate glides with a running start or from a stationary position by bringing its limbs under its body, retracting its head, and then propelling itself off the tree. It’s believed it uses triangulation to estimate the landing area’s distance as it leans out and pivots from side to side before jumping. Once in the air, it spreads its long arms forward and out, causing its membrane to stretch into a square-like shape and glide down at angles of 30 and 40 degrees. Can maneuver with great efficiency in the air and make 90-degree turns around if obstacles if necessary. Just before reaching a tree, it raises its flattened tail to abruptly change trajectory upward, and point all its limbs forward; creating a parachute effect with a membrane in order to reduce the landing shock. While limbs absorb the impact’s remainder, and it immediately runs to the trunk’s other side to avoid any potential predators.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Eastern Chipmunk, Least Weasel, Virginia Opossum, Red Fox, and Eastern Cottontail.

47. Washington

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Why the Cutest: Washington is home to one of the more successful sea otter reintroduction programs which began from 59 in 1969-1970 near La Push and Port Grenville to as many as 2,000 as of 2017 with range extending to as south as Cape Flattery, as north and east as Pillar Point along the Straight of Juan de Fuca. But the population is almost exclusively on the state’s outer shore. Today its protected range is known as the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Nonetheless, the Sea Otter is widely considered to be one of the cutest animals because of its playful behaviors, fluffy coats, and unique habits. With nearly a million hairs per square inch, it has the thickest fur of any animal that keeps it warm and gives babies a fuzzy, cork-like floatie coat. Its large eyes, round whiskers, and puffy cheeks trigger human care instincts and melt hearts. While its small paws let it grasps items like a human child. It holds hands while sleeping in groups so no one drifts apart in the water. It has loose folds of skin under its arms acting as pockets to store its favorite rocks or food while diving. Mothers wrap their pups in kelp strands to keep them from floating away. It even smashes hard shells using its favorite stone tucked into its armpit. Sure, it may be an apex predator that treats the sea as its own all you can eat seafood buffet. But it’s so cuddly like a stuffed animal that the only thing it’ll take from you is your heart.

Lifespan: Usually live 10-20 years in the wild, sometimes as many as 23. In captivity, it can live longer than that. Only 25% of pups survive their first year. While worn teeth may account for shorter lifespans. Predators include orcas, sea lions, bald eagles, coyotes, great white sharks, and wolves. Susceptible to cat parasites and the H1N1 virus.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the northern and eastern Pacific Ocean, which is as north as Alaska and as south as Mexico.

Diet: Is considered an apex predator and said to eat over 100 prey species. Eats fish, clams, snails, sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, fat innkeeper worms, crustaceans, chitons, snails, abalones, limpets, crabs, octopuses, and the occasional seabird.

Behavior: Is diurnal but rests at mid-day and dusk after foraging and feeding, with a possible evening run at night. Females with pups are more likely to feed at night. Spends much of its time grooming and maintaining its fur in a way that resembles scratching but isn’t. Often rolls in the water, apparently washing food from its fur. Hunts in short dives, often to sea floor, which typically lasts for a minute and no more than 4. Although it often forages alone since its juvenile stage, it rests within single-sex groups called a raft, which could range from 10-100 members. May wrap itself in kelp to keep itself from drifting out to sea while eating or resting. Peak mating is usually during summer and early autumn but can mate any time of year. Is polygynous. Mating behavior amongst pairs can be playful and aggressive. A male often hold the female’s head or nose with their jaws during copulation, often leaving scars on her face. In some severe cases, this trauma could kill her. Females usually produce a single pup, whom the mother licks to fluff so it floats and can’t dive. Females are known to be very attentive mothers and are often seen carrying a dead pup for days after it expires. They can also care for orphan pups as well.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Endangered due to once extensively being hunted for its fur, pollution, climate change, poaching, conflicts with fisheries, overfishing, orca predation, and low genetic diversity. Although reintroductions and translocations have proven successful since the animal now occupies 2/3 of its historical range, the population has seen declines in recent years and one bad thing could undue decades of hard work to save the species.

Trivia: Has 3 subspecies. Is one of the heaviest of the weasel family but one of the smallest marine mammals. Has no blubber and relies on exceptionally thick fur to keep warm. With 970,000 hairs per square inch, it has the densest fur of any animal. Fur consists of long waterproof guard hairs and short underfur with guard hairs keeping dense underfur dry. Oil glands help matt out its fur and keep it from holding air. Fur is gradually replace as it’s shed. Has nostrils and ears that can close. Has fully webbed, broadly flattened hind feet for swimming propulsion. Front paws have short, retractable claws with tough pads on paws to grab slippery prey. Tail is short, thick, slightly flattened, and muscular. Has highly sensitive whiskers. Has large kidneys to enable it to derive fresh water from sea water and excrete concentrated urine. Can hold its breath underwater for 5 minutes. Only marine mammal capable of lifting and turning over rocks and catches fish with its forepaws rather than its teeth. Has a loose pouch under its forelegs to store food. Is among one of the few animal species to use tools, usually comprising of rocks. Considered a keystone species since it keeps the population of certain animals in check within the kelp forests, which are extremely productive ecosystems. Reintroductions of these critters have drastically improved the health of kelp forests. Yet, it also improved diversity in mussel beds and seagrass meadows, too. Has held special importance in many indigenous cultures and folklore. Has become an icon for environmental conservation since the 1970s.

Other Candidates: Orca, Olympic Marmot, American Pika, Pacific Marten, and North American River Otter.

48. West Virginia

American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)

Why the Cutest: It’s a tiny energetic rodent famous for its rust-red coat and very cute alert appearance that you’d find in a childhood storybook. Its dark, round eyes feature soft, white eye rings. Whether excited or annoyed, it makes squeak, chattering noises. And while it may look sweet and fluffy, it very brave and very protective of its territory. Who wouldn’t want to cuddle with a squirrel like this though?

Lifespan: Usually live up to 3 years, sometimes as long as 8. Only 22% survive the first year. Predators include Canada lynx, bobcat, coyote, great horned owl, American Goshawk, red-tailed hawk, American Crow, American marten, Pacific marten, red fox, gray fox, wolf, and weasel.

Location and Habitat: Found in North America from Alaska to as south as the southern Rocky Mountains. Resides in conifer and mixed forests.

Diet: Eats pinecone seeds, evergreen buds, spruce needles, mushrooms, willow leaves, poplar buds and catkins, bearberry flowers and berries, bird eggs, and snowshoe hare leverets.

Behavior: Is diurnal, solitary, asocial, and highly territorial. Doesn’t interact with its own species save during mating or interacting with young. Creates a cache of food called a midden that could be as large as 39ft across and could be filled with hundreds of pinecone seeds. Females are spontaneous ovulators and will be chased by several males in an extended mating chase once she reaches estrus. She’s said to mate with 4-16 males. Females produce 3-4 young per litter once a year. Sometimes occasionally skips one. Nests are build from grass within tree branches or dug from witch’s broom, which is abnormally dense vegetation growth resulting from a rust disease or cavities in trunks. Has several nests within its territory and females with young often move between them. Juveniles may receive midden and territory from its mother but it’s rare. But young often don’t stray from their mothers after reaching maturation. Often leaving their mom’s territory during the day and returning at night.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern and has been known to be expanding its range into hardwood forests.

Trivia: Has 25 subspecies.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, West Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel, Virginia Opossum, and Eastern Chipmunk.

49. Wisconsin

American Badger (Taxidea taxus)

Why the Cutest: Sure, it may look like its European counterpart on meth. But since Wisconsin is the Badger State who are we to judge? Anyway, the American Badger is a stocky, low-slung digging machine that can look surprisingly adorable with its chunky body, wide face, and curious expressions. Yet, has the reputation as a notoriously fierce badass in the wild. Its wide, flattened body gives its sturdy and unique look. Its single white nose-to-head stripe and dark eye patches gives it distinct, memorable features. Its babies are energetic, mischievous, and clumsy, showing very playful conduct before growing into crouching little badasses we know and love. Its front legs act like built-in shovels for deep burrowing. Not to mention its no-nonsense attitude and will quickly show its teeth when threatened. It’s no wonder that Wisconsin has it as it’s state mammal and calls itself the Badger State.

Lifespan: Typically lives 4-10 years in the wild, with some exceptional individuals living as long as 14. Can live15-26 years in captivity. Has a 35-80% first-year mortality rate. Predators include golden eagles, coyotes, bobcats, bears, gray wolves, and cougars.

Location and Habitat: Lives in much of the North America West of the Appalachian Mountains from southern Canada to Mexico. Resides in grasslands and prefers prairie regions with sandy loam soils where it could dig more easily for its prey. But can live in parklands, farms, and other treeless areas with friable soil and an adequate supply of rodent prey. Can also be found in forest glades, meadows, marshes, brushy areas, open chaparral, hot deserts, and mountain meadows, even at elevations as high as 12,000ft.

Diet: Eats pocket gophers, ground squirrels, moles, marmots, prairie dogs, pikas, woodrats, kangaroo rats, voles, rattlesnakes, snakes, bank swallows, burrowing owls, lizards, amphibians, carrion, fish skunks, insects, corn, peas, green beans, mushrooms, and sunflower seeds.

Behavior: Is generally nocturnal but will forage in areas with no human encroachment, especially during the spring. Uses a scratch digging process where it withdraws its forelimbs to break soil and move debris behind to the sides of its body. Spends much of the winter in torpor cycles lasting 29 hours at a time and emerges from its burrow whenever the temperature is above freezing. Could work in tandem with coyotes while hunting. Expends less energy while hunting in burrows underground. Is solitary but its known to expand its territory during breeding season. Mating season is late summer and early fall. Some males breed with more than one female. Females typically produce 1-5 young but usually 3. Dens usually measure about 4ft and 10ft by depth and 4ft by 6ft in width. May dig and reuse burrows when food is plentiful.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but some subspecies are seen as endangered due to habitat loss, especially in Canada and California. Have been trapped by humans for pelts and fur has been used for paint and shaving brushes.

Trivia: Has 4 subspecies. Mascot for the University of Wisconsin. Its abandoned burrows could be occupied by other animals like foxes, skunks, burrowing owls, tiger salamanders, and California red-legged frogs. Has long claws and thick skin.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, American Beaver, Red Fox, and Wood Duck.

50. Wyoming

Black-Footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes)

Why the Cutest: When it was thought to be extinct, a residue of these cuties was Meeteetsee, Wyoming in 1981 and has been the center of its conservation ever since. Nonetheless, this is a famously adorable carnivore known for its distinct “Zorro” facial mask as well as its playful and energetic behavior. Aside from its trademark facial markings, its dark feet look like dark matching socks. When energetic, it performs an energetic “war dance” accompanied by chirps and barks.  

Lifespan: Usually lives 1-3 years in the wild and 4-6 in captivity. 50-70% juveniles die in their first year. Predators include great horned owls, golden eagles, coyotes, prairie falcons, ferruginous hawks, American badgers, prairie rattlesnakes, and bobcats. Susceptible to canine distemper, sylvatic plague, rabies, tularemia, and human influenza.

Location and Habitat: Lives in western North America from southern Canada to northern Mexico.

Diet: Primarily eats prairie dogs, small rodents, and lagamorphs. Resides in shortgrass prairie, mixed grass prairie, shrub steppe, sagebrush steppe, mountain grassland, and semi-arid grassland.

Behavior: Is nocturnal and solitary save for breeding and raising litters. Primarily hunts sleeping prairie dogs in their burrows. May remain inactive in burrows for up to 6 days at a time during winter. Peak activity is in late summer and early autumn when juveniles become independent. Adult females often occupy the same territory every year. Is likely polygynous with mating season falling in February and March. When both are in estrus, a male sniffs a female’s genital area and mounts her after a few hours passed before grasping her by the nape of the neck in copulation. Females produce 1-5 kits per litter. Uses prairie dog burrows for raising young, avoiding predators, and thermal cover.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Endangered due to declines in prairie dog populations, habitat loss, fur trade hunting, poisoning, oil and gas activities, inbreeding depression, and sylvatic plague. In fact, it was declared extinct in 1979. Until a residual population was discovered in 1981 in Meeteetsee, Wyoming.  Thanks to a captive program launched by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, it was successfully reintroduced into 8 US states, Canada and Mexico from 1991 to 2009. As of 2015, over 200 individuals are in the wild across 18 populations, with 4 self-sustaining populations in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Arizona.

Trivia: Used by Native Americans for religious rites and food. In 2021, scientists successfully introduced the animal’s first successful clone to the public, a female named Elizabeth Ann. Was once used to test the Covid 19 vaccine.

Other Candidates: White-Tailed Prairie Dog, American Pika, Pine Marten, Red Fox, and Yellow-Bellied Marmot.

The United States of Cuteness: Part 4 – New Mexico to South Carolina

While many of the entries feature the cute little creatures that we all know and love. Some may be of animals you may not have ever heard or seen. Maybe not even considered as cute. The ringtail isn’t much well known outside its western region, but it’s certainly an adorable creature that’s described as catlike but resembles a cross between a ring-tailed lemur and a small dog. While the American Kestrel is a colorful little falcon the size of a sparrow that you can’t resist if you see it up close. In this post, we’ll see ten more adorable little animals. You’ll meet a curly tailed creature with a keen nose in New Mexico, a little dumpster diving fiend in New York, a favorite marine mammal in North Carolina, a spiky little guy who just wants to be left alone in North Dakota, some birds in Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, and a delightful loiterer in Rhode Island.

31. New Mexico

White-Nosed Coati (Nasua narica)

Why the Cutest: It’s a charming long-nosed relative of the raccoon known for its ringed tail and playful curiosity. Its long, twitchy nose can turn in almost any direction as it sniffs out food. It holds its long, ringed tail in the air like a fuzzy antenna. While females and their young travel in groups, clattering and exploring. Pups are remarkably playful, energetic, curious, and resemble a charming mix of raccoon and monkey. Yet, although you may want one, know that it’s highly intelligent, wild, and become extremely destructive or challenging as an adult. Nonetheless, looking at them, it’s no wonder it’s seen as Mexico’s answer to the raccoon.

Lifespan: Usually live as long as 7 years in the wild but can live as many as 14 in captivity. Predators include male coatis, snakes, foxes, jaguars, jaguarundis, and domestic dogs.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the American Southwest, Central America, and parts of South America. Inhabits wooded areas in tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests at elevations ranging from sea level to 9,800ft.

Diet: Eats lizards, rodents, fruits, carrion, insects, snakes and eggs.

Behavior: Adult males live solitary lives except during mating season. While adult females and their young live in family groups called bands with males getting kicked out when they hit 2. A single band could have as many as 20-30 members. A single male often mates with females within a single band, which usually takes place between January and March. Pregnant females separate from the band to build their nests on a tree or a rocky niche. Females produce 3-7 young per litter and rejoin the group once their young reach 6 weeks old. Mostly forages on the ground but can climb trees. Is diurnal. Can be a fierce fighter when threatened with its strong jaws, sharp canine teeth, fast scratching paws, and a thick hide sturdily attached to its muscles.

Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern but considered endangered in New Mexico, likely due to habitat loss and hunting. Sometimes kept as a pet but is difficult to train, needs a vast enclosure, and must be watched at all times.

Trivia: Known pollinator of the balsa tree. Can communicate through chirping, snorting, or grunting sounds as well as uses simple postures and facial expressions to convey messages. Uses its tail for balancing. Has an acute sense of smell.

Other Candidates: Ringtail, Kit Fox, Elf Owl, American Pika, Greater Roadrunner, and Albert’s Squirrel.

32. New York

Raccoon (Procyon lotor)

Why the Cutest: Being the state that hosts New York City, what can be a better representative in the United States of Cuteness than an animal fondly remembered as a trash panda? As no showcase of cute American animals would ever be complete without it. Has human-like hands, a sneaky black facemask that makes it resemble a little bandit, and round baby-like features like big eyes and rounded faces. All these trigger our care instincts, making us see it as playful and friendly. While its slow, heavy walk and curious posture looks funny and sweet. It’s so adorable that far too many people can’t help but feed it despite that they certainly shouldn’t. Still, if a raccoon can make it in New York City, then it could make it anywhere.

Lifespan: Usually live 1-3 years in the wild and can live up to 20 years in captivity. Causes of death are traffic volume, hunting, weather severity, starvation, and disease. Predators include bobcats, coyotes, great horned owls, black bears, cougars, wolves, eagles, alligators, lynxes, and jaguars. Prone to diseases like distemper, rabies, tetanus, leptospirosis, listeriosis, tularemia, roundworm and others.

Location and Habitat: Lives in North and Central America from southern Canada to Panama. Inhabits sparsely wooded areas, lowland and deciduous forests with water and marshes, mountain ranges, prairies, coastal marshes, parks, suburbs, farms, and cities.

Diet: Eats insects, worms, crayfish, fish, eggs, fruits, birds, small mammals, nuts, seeds, and leftovers in municipal waste containers. Prefers to eat what it can easily get. Known to raid egg nests so much that it’s often removed from the areas. When food is abundant, it can develop strong preferences for certain foods.

Behavior: Although believed to be solitary, it’s now said to engage in sex-specific social behaviors. Females live in a “fission-fusion society,” sharing a common area and occasionally meeting at feeding and resting grounds. Unrelated males form loose social groups to maintain their position against foreign males during the mating season, which usually consists of no more than 4 individuals. Since some males may be aggressive to unrelated kits, mothers will isolate themselves from other raccoons until the kits are able to defend themselves. Although it’s said that 10-15% of them would do exactly the opposite of what’s expected. Is usually nocturnal but is sometimes active during the day to take advantage of available food sources. Mating season spans from late January to June. Males roam their home ranges in search of females with encounters happening at central meeting places. Every member of the male group usually mates and it’s said that 1/3 of females mate with more than one male. Females produce 2-5 young per litter. Males play no part in raising young. Females stay at their mother’s home range while males move at least 12 miles away in the fall. Though juveniles may share a den with their mothers during their first winter in colder areas. Prefers to shelter in tree hollows in old oaks and other trees but will use burrows dug by other animals, dense undergrowth, or tree crotches. In suburban and urban settings, it can sleep in nearby forests after foraging in settlement area. Can sleep in old hollow trees in gardens as well as cottages, garages, abandoned houses, and attics.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern. Considered invasive in Germany, Japan, and the former Soviet Union. Although it was hunted during the fur trade. Unlike most of the animals in this series, its population in the US has greatly increased that there were 15-20 times more raccoons in the 1980s than there were in the 1930s when it was comparatively rare. Some are even kept as pets but are seen more unruly and less trustworthy than skunks. Though some of its subspecies are considered as endangered while others are almost certainly anything but. In fact, it’s often seen as a pest in many areas that’s said to overturn trash cans, raided fruit trees, crop damage, property destruction, and raiding poultry houses.

Trivia: Has 22 subspecies. Has hyper-sensitive front paws. Said to be colorblind but good at seeing green light and can see well at night. Said to be smarter than foxes. Can remember solutions to tasks for at least 3 years. May actually not have existed beyond the easter US, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes since it’s not mentioned by early pioneers exploring the central or north central parts of the US, suggesting that it may have taken over the lower 48 after the American Civil War. Yet its presence in Indian mythology and petroglyphs suggest a wide geographic range before white settlers arrived.

Other Candidates: Black-Capped Chickadee, Eastern Chipmunk, Eastern Cottontail, Virginia Opossum, Eastern Bluebird, American Beaver, North American Otter, and Eastern Gray Squirrel.

33. North Carolina

Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Why the Cutest: Given that North Carolina is home to the beaches like the Outer Banks, you can’t go wrong by its cuteness representative being the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin. Since you can see it off its coastline all year long. It’s a playful, highly intelligent marine mammal known for its curved mouth that makes it appear like it’s always smiling. Its short, stubby snout and jawline creates a natural, friendly expression. Calves love riding on their mothers’ wake, leap out of the water, and play with sea vegetation like sargassum seaweed. Lives in tight groups called pods, often showing affectionate behaviors like rubbing against each other and communicating with clicks and whistles.

Lifespan: Usually live 40 years in the wild, sometimes even to 60. Can live 51 years in captivity. Predators include sharks, sting rays, and orcas.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Inhabit temperate, subtropical, and tropical waters.

Diet: Eats eels, squid, shrimp, and a wide variety of fish depending on location.

Behavior: Can breed throughout the year and is polygamous. Males form alliances and pair bonds to seek a estrus female then attempt to breed the most while keeping the other males away from the viable females. Sometimes separating the female from her own range.  Females bear a single calf every 3-6 years with a year-long gestation period. Lives in groups called pods that usually number about 15 but can vary from pairs to over 100 or even 1,000. Group structure depends on sex and age but may change depending on the group. Types of groups include nursery groups, juvenile groups, and groups of adult males. Male dolphins form pair bonds which tend to be the strongest. Females stay in their groups for most of their lives. Most social with group after eating which is usually afternoon or evening where it’s often seen engaging interactions such as play, vocalizations, and cooperative swimming behaviors. Grabs each other with their teeth in fights that can leave rake marks on their dorsal fins that many scientists use to identify them. Doesn’t chew its food but swallows it whole. Can hunt individually or within a pod, mainly through echolocation. Eats 10-20% of its body weight every day.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but still has suffered from whaling, dolphin hunting, pollution, and climate change.

Trivia: Has 10 subspecies. Has longest social memory of any non-human species. Popular in aquarium shows, TV shows, and movies. Has been trained by military to locate sea mines or detect and mark enemy divers like in the US Navy Marine Mammal Program. Sometimes cooperates with fishermen by driving fish toward them and eating whatever fish escape their nets. Use blowholes and nasal sacs to communicate through whistles, squeaks, and pulses vocalizations as well as gestures, postures, and physical contact. All used to convey information, reinforce social bonds, and coordinate group activities. Uses echolocation with high and low frequency sounds in order to locate prey. Can migrate up to 4,200 miles in a season.

Other Candidates: Carolina Chickadee, Eastern Chipmunk, Eastern Cottontail, Gray Fox, Virginia Opossum, Carolina Wren, and Eastern Bluebird.

34. North Dakota

North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)

Why the Cutest: With its waddling walk, expressive face, and chatty eating habits, the Northern Porcupine is a surprisingly adorable rodent that’s so much more than it seems on the surface. Sure it can make funny noises while munching on stuff. But despite being a slow-moving and chill waddler, it’s a highly intelligent survivor with massive “FAFO” energy when it comes to predatory defense. Should it survive a predatory attack, its spiky quills will make its adversary regret it for a very long time. Yet, it’s those very quills that allow it to live a long solitary life as a vegetarian minding its own business.

Lifespan: Can typically live up to 30 years in the wild if lucky. Causes of death are motor vehicles, predation, starvation, and falling out of trees. Predators include fishers, wolverines, coyotes, black bears, cougars, golden eagles, and great horned owls.

Location and Habitat: Lives throughout North America from Alaska to as south as Northern Mexico. In the US it primarily lives in New England and the West. Primarily resides in coniferous or mixed forests but could adapt to harsh environments, shrublands, and tundra.

Diet: Eats twigs, roots, stems, fruits, conifer needles, tree bark, and other vegetation. Loves salt and have been known for trying to eat road salt-covered boots left outside tents as well as sweat-soaked gloves and wooden tool handles.

Behavior: Make dens in hollow trees or rocky areas. Rests in trees in the summer. Is nocturnal. Doesn’t hibernate but sleeps in and stays close to its den during the winter. Lives a solitary life save when it’s a mother raising her young. During breeding season in the fall, females secrete a mucus and urine scent to attract nearby males to climb her tree. If another male approaches, the two fight for mating rights. Once one male succeeds, the female climbs down and they mate on the ground. Females often produce a single offspring and provides all the parental care. Porcupette leaves its mother the following fall.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern and widely considered as a pest. Though some subspecies are seen as endangered and in need of conservation like in Maryland and Mexico.

Trivia: Has 7 subspecies. Second-largest rodent in North America. Has about 30,000 quills covering its body except its face, underbelly, and feet. These are modified hairs formed into sharp, barbed hollow spines. Although primarily used for defense, it also serves to insulate its body during the winter and for swimming. Is near-sighted and slow-moving but has excellent hearing. Said to have an extraordinary ability to learn complex mazes and to remember them for at least 100 days. Also has a strong odor to warn away predators as well as display a white stripe down its back and make a cackling sound before it swings its tail to the attacker’s face. Quills can easily penetrate skin while their microscopic barbs make them difficult to remove, giving a predator a rather unfortunate moment that it will never forget. Quills used by Native Americans for basket and clothing decorations.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Stoat, Piping Plover, Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel, Red Fox, Black-Capped Chickadee, Eastern Goldfinch, Mountain Bluebird, Raccoon, Black-Footed Ferret, and American Beaver.

35. Ohio

Northern Parula (Setophaga americana)

Why the Cutest: It’s a tiny wood warbler known for bright colors, energetic movements, and big personality. The male has a gorgeous blue-gray back with a greenish yellow patch on the center along with a brilliant yellow throat and chest. Its cute eye crescents makes its eyes look large and bright. It also constantly flips, hops, and darts through tree canopies while foraging for insects. All of what makes one wonder why the Buckeye State won’t make it its own official state bird.

Lifespan: Longest recorded age in was 7 years. But since this bird is difficult to track in the wild and is usually not kept in captivity. Causes of death are predation and collision with manmade structures during migration season.

Location and Habitat: Breeds in southern Canada and the eastern US and winters in Central America and in the Caribbean. Primarily resides in forests and swamps, particularly those with high canopies, increased diversity, and good cover during breeding season. During the winter, it could live anywhere as long as it’s warm.

Diet: Mostly eats tree-dwelling invertebrates like spiders, grasshoppers, bugs, locusts, damselflies, aphids, beetles, flies, caterpillars, bees, wasps, and ants.

Behavior: Builds pendulum cup nests with moss, Spanish moss, or coniferous twigs, which can be suspended over water. Is mostly monogamous but incidents of polygamy have been reported. Mating season lasts from March to May. Females lay 3-7 eggs per clutch and can raise more than one brood of chicks per season.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but population has suffered due to habitat loss and air pollution.

Trivia: Captures prey from vegetation using a hover-glean method but can use a variety of foraging methods.

Other Candidates: Raccoon, North American River Otter, Eastern Bluebird, and Red Fox.

36. Oklahoma

Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

Why the Cutest: This is a small, round, charming bird is known for its chunky body, small head, and cheerful “bob-white” whistle. Its short round body and short tails give it a cute, compact look. Males sports a sharp black and white pattern on its head. While both sexes have brown, reddish, and buff camouflage. Outside the breeding season, it hangs out in cozy groups called coveys, often roosting and circling together. Then there’s the famous “bob-white” whistle.

Lifespan: Usually live 6 months to a year and can live up to 6 years in the wild. Said that 75-80% of the population dies or is replaced annually. Causes of death are predation, harsh winters, deep snow, and habitat loss. Predators include foxes, raccoons, skunks, opossums, bobcats, hawks, harriers, owls, snakes, and feral hogs.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the Eastern US to the Midwest down to the Caribbean and Mexico. Resides in agricultural fields, grassland, open wooded areas, roadsides, and wood edges.

Diet: Eats snails, ticks, grasshoppers, beetles, spiders, leafhoppers, berries, seeds, partridge peas, and cultivated grains.

Behavior: Is shy and elusive. Crouches and freezes when threatened, relying on camouflage to stay undetected. But flies low if closely disturbed. Is generally solitary and mates early in the year. Family groups are common in the summer. Winter roosts may have as many as 10-30 birds in a single covey. Practices ambisexual polygamy.  Females lay 8-25 eggs per clutch. Can brood through kidnapping, adopting, creching, and gang brooding. Nests on the ground in a small depression lined with grass and leaves with a cover.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Near Threatened due to habitat loss, hunting, changing farming practices, pesticides, and brush fires. Numbers have declined 85% from 1966 to 2014. Population decline is wide range and continuing. Thus, it’s become a high priority for conservation.

Trivia: Has 20 subspecies. Gets its name from its cheerful “bob-white” call.

Other Candidates: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, North American River Otter, and Scissor-Tail Flycatcher.

37. Oregon

Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus)

Why the Cutest: It’s a charming, plump songbird with striking colors, bright red eyes, and endearing hopping habits. Its bold, ruby-red eyes sharply stand out against its dark hood. Its sleek black or dark brown back is covered with cute white spots. Sports warm, rust-orange sides that resemble a soft vest next to a clean white belly. When searching for food in the dirt, it does a funny, double-footed backward hop kicking leaves like a tiny, feathery tractor. While it makes quirky, whiny, mewing sounds adding to its playful personality.

Lifespan: Can live up to 11 years in the wild. But usually lives a shorter life due to predation, weather, and disease. So it’s more likely 9-12 years. Predators include snakes and domestic cats.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the western part of North America from southern Canada to Mexico. Some migrate and some don’t. Resides primarily in dry upland forests, open forests, brushy fields, wetland and riparian forests, coastal sage scrub, chaparrals, and urban areas.

Diet: Eats insects, ground dwelling beetles, spiders, other arthropods in a leaf litter, acorns, oats, and berries. Will frequent bird feeders.

Behavior: Nests either on the ground or in low bushes and often in exposed areas. Nest is made from leaves, bark strips, twigs, forb stalks, and grasses as well as lined with pine needles, shredded bark, grass, and sometimes hair. Is monogamous. Females produce 3-5 eggs at least twice a breeding season. Nests are parasitized by cowbirds.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern.

Trivia: Has 21 subspecies.

Other Candidates: American Beaver, Sea Otter, American Pika, North American River Otter, Western Snowy Plover, Killdeer, Tree Swallow, Loggerhead Shrike, and Red Fox.

38. Pennsylvania

Cerulean Warbler (Setophaga cerulea)

Why the Cutest: This tiny, delicate songbird is a little puffball that many would never see in their backyards but wish they would. Since it’s an insectivore that lives in the treetops. The male is cerulean blue on top with dark streaks, white underparts, bold white wingbars, and a thin black “necklace” across the breasts. Kind of resembles something of a little blue jay. The female is soft blue-green with muted turquoise with a pale eyebrow and yellow wash below. Which by avian female beauty standards is rather stunning. Though you may be unable to see one very often, you might be able to hear its lively, buzzy, 3-part ascending song. But do bring your binoculars if you want to see one up close. In addition, it’s a intrepid traveler since it winters in South America every year, earning more frequent flier miles than many migratory birds in this series.

Lifespan: Typically lives 4-7 years in the wild. Predators include raccoons, squirrels, chipmunks, snakes, chipmunks, and blue jays. Susceptible to blood parasites.

Location and Habitat: Breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to the US northeast and Great Lakes regions. Winters northern South America within Colombia and Venezuela. Resides primarily in large, unfragmented deciduous hardwood forests. Migrates 3,100 miles between its breeding and non-breeding ranges.

Diet: Primarily eats insects.

Behavior: Males use songs to mark territory and attract mates. Females rarely sing but call when nesting. Is monogamous but can engage in extra-pair copulation. So males engage in mate guarding during periods of foraging, nest building, and nest site selection. Females lay 3-5 eggs once a year. Nests and forages near treetop canopies. Nests in over an area where there’s an empty space for at least 3.3ft or more. Nest is made from tree bark, grasses, and lichens woven together using spider thread and caterpillar silk. Females can attack other females and destroy their nests. Male-on-male attacks can result one falling from heights at 66ft. Both parents build the nest and rear the chicks. Nests could be parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds. Can share space with mixed-species flocks.

Conservation Status: Listed as Near Threatened and is said to be the fastest declining neotropical migrant songbird and warbler species in the US. This is due to change in farming techniques, nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird, and deforestation. Has a high level of concern in Pennsylvania.

Trivia: Song is a buzzed, accelerating zray zray zray zray zeeee. Can imitate other birds’ songs.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Eastern Bluebird, Eastern Cottontail, Eastern Chipmunk, Snowshoe Hare, Red-Backed Salamander, Groundhog, Raccoon, Northern Flying Squirrel, North American Beaver, and Virginia Opossum.

39. Rhode Island

Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)

Why the Cutest: No series of animal cuteness would be complete without including a seal given its clumsy waddling on land, relaxing resting positions on the coasts, and dog-like curiosity compelling it to playfully investigate divers and kayakers. Only problem is that while most seals and sea lions are irresistibly cute as pups, that’s not the case when they grow up. Still, this 6ft long and 285 sausage of blubber is a charming marine mammal with its large, soulful eyes, rounded head, and dog-like snout. And who can’t resist those seal pups? Helps that this pinniped is Rhode Island’s official state marine mammal, too.

Lifespan: Typically lives around 20-35 years.  Predators include killer whales and large sharks.

Location and Habitat: Lives along temperate and Arctic coastlines within the Northern Hemisphere. Resting sites could be rugged, rocky coasts or sandy beaches. Frequently congregate in harbors, bays, sandy intertidal zones, and estuaries. Swallows food whole.

Diet: Eats fish such as salmon, shad, menhaden, anchovy, herring, mackerel, hake, cod, whiting and flatfish. Also eats shrimp, crabs, octopus, squid, and ducks.

Behavior: Prefers frequent familiar resting sites but could spend several days at sea and travel as many as 50 km but normally doesn’t swim farther than 20 km offshore. Could swim up to a hundred miles up fresh water in large rivers in search of migratory fish like shad and salmon. Can dive as deep as 500 m. Is a solitary when on the water but gregarious when hauled out and during breeding season. Breeding season is usually from February to July. Mating system is unknown but is often thought to be polygamous. Courtship and mating occur underwater. It’s said that males gather together, turn on their backs, put their heads together, and call to attract females ready for breeding. Females give birth to a single pup each year on shore. Pups are well-developed as well as capable of swimming and diving within hours.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern. Although some local populations have been threatened due to distemper, conflicts with humans, commercial fishing, pollution, hunting, and climate change.

Trivia: Molts shortly after breeding. Uses non-harmonious vocalizations to maintain breeding territory, attract mates, and during mother and pup interactions.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Red Fox, Eastern Chipmunk, New England Cottontail, and Eastern Cottontail.

40. South Carolina

Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus)

Why the Cutest: For one, it’s South Carolina’s state bird. This is a tiny, energetic ball of fluff with a round, chubby body, a long curved bill, and a tail sticking straight up like a brown little teapot. Its plump body and perky, upright tail gives it a charming, humorous silhouette. Often acts very bold and curious, often hopping close to people or peeking into flowers and garage doors. Yet, despite being small, it sings a loud tea-kettle, tea-kettle song that sounds huge for its tiny size.

Lifespan: Can live as long as 6 years and 90% live less than a decade. Mortality peaks during winter. Susceptible to blowfly parasites and mercury poisoning. Predators include blue jays, domestic cats, timber rattlesnakes, black rat snakes, and raccoons.

Location and Habitat: Lives in eastern North America from southern Canada to coastal Mexico. Reside in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, riparian forests, brushy edges, swamps, overgrown farmland, suburban yards with abundant thick shrubs and trees, and parks. Has an affinity for unkempt yards and dilapidated buildings.

Diet: Eats beetles, bugs, grasshoppers, katydids, spiders, ants, bees, wasps, small lizards, tree frogs, fruit pulp, and seeds. Known to frequent bird feeders.

Behavior: Males sing year-round at any point during the daytime except during the harshest weather conditions. Repertoire consists of at least 20 different phrase patterns and on average 32. Song could be repeated 12 times but repetition is usually 2 or 3. Mate selection is determined by size an tail length in males and wing length in females. Song degradation is used to signal presence of a threat. Tail fanning and wing drooping could be courtship or antagonistic signaling. Moves in jerky hops pillaging through various objects, manmade or natural. When abruptly moving, it pauses for chatter or singing. When stationary, it moves in twitched motions. Can crawl and hang from trees upside down. Flights are generally short, rapid, low-level, and wavelike. Usually mates for life. Males are responsible for guarding territory. Though females can maintain one without a mate to varying success. Nests are arch-shaped with side entrance as well as built of dried plants, bark strips, horsehair, wool, string, and snake sloughs. Nests can be located in fragmented or complete tree cavities or in manmade structures like bird boxes, buildings, tin cans, mailboxes, pockets, hanging jackets in sheds, or tractors. Breeding season is from February to August. Females usually lay 3-6 eggs per clutch. Both parents participate in rearing the young.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as least concern but numbers have suffered due to cowbird parasitism,

Trivia: Has 10 subspecies. Is often wary and more likely to be heard than seen.

Other Candidates: Eastern Chipmunk, Eastern Cottontail, Marsh Rabbit, North American River Otter, Red Fox, Carolina Chickadee, Green Anole, Raccoon, and Striped Skunk.

The United States of Cuteness: Part 3 – Massachusetts to New Jersey

You may notice that many of these animals may be listed as Least Concern according by the IUCN Red List. But that doesn’t mean the species is necessarily okay as you’ll see in some of these other entries. IUCN designation is based on how well the species is doing globally. However, when it comes to how the species may be doing in the country, state, region, or locality, it may be a different picture. In this post, we’ll meet ten more animal cuties from these United States. You’ll meet a little birdie in Massachusetts, two little owls in Michigan and Nebraska, river animals in Minnesota and Mississippi, a feisty little falcon in Missouri, a chonky squirrel in Montana, a nightlife-loving creature in Nevada, a furry little murder machine in New Hampshire, and a tiny little turtle in New Jersey.

21. Massachusetts

Black-Capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)

Why the Cutest: For one, it’s Massachusetts’ state bird (also the state bird for Maine but that state has puffins). Second, alongside the Eastern Bluebird, it’s one of the cutest birds you’d find in your own backyard. With its oversized black and white had and small gray, tan, and white body, this little ball of fluff is the whole package. First, it can fly energetic acrobatic stunts like hang upside down while searching for food. Second, it’s fearless and curious. Frequently investigates people and can be coaxed into eating seeds right out of an open hand. Lastly, it emits a cheerful, distinct chick-a-dee-dee call brings life to backyards all year round.

Lifespan: Predators include owls, hawks, shrikes, raccoons, squirrels, opossums, house wrens, and snakes. Can be susceptible to West Nile virus, blood parasites, and avian keratin disorder.

Location and Habitat: Lives in southern Canada and the northern US as south as northern New Mexico and the Carolinas. Is nonmigratory. Inhabited in wooded areas like coniferous and deciduous forests, urban parks, willow thickets, and suburban areas.

Diet: Eats insects (especially caterpillars) as well as berries, seeds, and carrion from dead mammals.

Behavior: Forms mating pairs during late fall and into the winter. Is largely monogamous but some males nest with multiple females and females prefer dominant males. Nests largely in tree cavities that a mating pair excavates themselves, occurs naturally, reuses one once belonging to a woodpecker, or make themselves at home in a nest box. Females only build the nest which can comprise of coarse material like moss or bark strips along with a lining of finer material such as mammal hair. Nesting season lasts through April to June where females lay an average of 6-8 eggs usually once a year. Though they’d rear a second brood if the first is lost. Females incubate. Males go out to feed her and himself. Both parents feed the chicks. Has a dominance hierarchy with males over females and older experienced birds over younger. Flock together during the winter to forage and cache for food, even with different species.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern and its numbers are said to be increasing. Yet, threats include pesticide, domestic cats, and flying into windows.

Trivia: Has 9 subspecies. When the nest is disturbed, the female would hiss like a snake. Can interbreed with the Carolina Chickadee, Mountain Chickadee, and Boreal Chickadee. Molts during the summer. Has a complex system of vocalization with 16 distinct types used to convey an array of information.

Other Candidates: Harbor Seal, Striped Skunk, Eastern Chipmunk, New England Cottontail, Red Fox, and Viriginia Opossum.

22. Michigan

Northern Saw-Whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus)

Why the Cutest: This little guy lives in Michigan all year long and is the size of a robin. Its bright cartoon-like yellow eyes and soft facial discs on its oversized round head give it a perpetually startled and curious look. Its heavily, feathered legs make it resemble tiny, round balls of fluff. Often makes a tooting whistle sound. In fact, many see it as the cutest owl ever.

Lifespan: Typically lives 3-7 years in the wild with 4-5 years on average. But can live up to 16-17 years in captivity. Predators include martens, corvids, larger owls, and hawks.

Location and Habitat: Typically lives in North America with range stretching from southern Alaska to central Mexico. Prefers to reside in coniferous forests (ideally near wetlands during the breeding season) but can also be seen in mixed or deciduous woods.  Some are permanent residents. Some migrate down south or move to lower ground during the winter.

Diet: Mainly eats small animals with a strong focus on mammals such as mice, voles, shrews, squirrels, chipmunks, flying squirrels, moles, and bats. But will also eat sparrows, swallows, kinglets, chickadees, rock doves, frogs, crustaceans, and insects.

Behavior: Mate in pairs for the breeding season. Males sing from the nest site and cache food in them to attracts a female. Females laying 4-6 eggs in natural tree cavities or woodpecker holes. If it can’t find one due to competition from other woodland creatures, it would happily settle in a man-made nest box. Male does hunting while the female incubates her eggs. Females can have more than one clutch of eggs with different males. Once the offspring developed their feathers, the mother often leaves the father to finish the job while she finds another male to reproduce with in a practice known as sequential polyandry. Like most owls, it’s nocturnal. During the day, it’s completely still against the tree trunk, blending in to avoid notice.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern although climate change and habitat loss have led it to seek breeding areas further north with populations decreasing.

Trivia: Get its name due to some claiming its vocalizations sound like a saw being sharpened on a whetstone. Yet, has at least 11 different calls. Has excellent hearing and exceptional vision in low light. In fact, it can hunt in complete darkness on sound alone. Has comb-like wing edges allowing it to swoop down on prey completely undetected.

Other Candidates: North American Otter, Northern Flying Squirrel, Red Fox, and Eastern Chipmunk.

23. Minnesota

North American Beaver (Castor canadensis)

Why the Cutest: With a myriad of trees, lakes, wetlands, and rivers, Minnesota’s basically a beaver’s paradise. Its chunky body, expressive dark eyes, round faces with small ears and prominent teeth, tiny front paws, and wide flat tail compel many to consider it a highly adorable animal. Its kits also make high-pitched human like fussing sounds and playful noises while eating as well. They even engage in cute wrestling, carry sticks and groom each other. Helps that it builds things like lodges, dams, and canals as well as mates for life and takes care of its family and neighbors. The North American Beaver is the perfect cute animal to embody Minnesota for its landscape and its Midwest hospitality. Although it’s not without controversy since Oregon and New York have it as their state mammal. While Minnesota’s known as the Gopher State.

Lifespan: Usually lives up to 10-12 years in the wild, though some exceptional individuals have lived up to 20 years. Can also live 20-30 years in captivity. Predators include coyotes, wolves, mountain lions, black bears, wolverines, Canada lynxes, bobcats, foxes, golden eagles, and bald eagles.

Location and Habitat: Lives in Canada and most of the United States. Can reside in any wild space from southern Alaskan tundra to northern Mexican deserts. But it largely prefers a wild  forest with a water source that’s largely undisturbed by humans.

Diet: Is an herbivorous generalist that eats a mix of herbaceous and woody plants. Feeds on bark, cambium, branches, twigs, roots, buds, leaves, stems, sprouts, and even sap and storax. Aspens and poplars are preferred but will go for birch, maple, alder, black cherry, red oak, beech, ash, hornbeam, pine, sweetgum, and spruce. Also eats cattails, water lilies, and other aquatic vegetation.

Behavior: Is nocturnal. Breeding season lasts from December to May but peaks in January. Pairs are monogamous and stay together for multiple breeding seasons, if not for life. Females can have 3-6 kits per litter but usually 4-5 and make a soft bed in the lodge before the birth. Kits stay with family for 2 years before leaving to create their own homes. While both parents and adolescent siblings share responsibility in rearing the young kits. Uses flat, scaly tail to signal danger by slapping and as a location for fat storage. Builds its lodge out of sticks, twigs, rocks, and mud in lakes, streams, and tidal river deltas, which may be surrounded by water or if touching land, include burrows dug into the river banks. Also builds dams across streams as well as its lodge on the ponds the dam forms. When building a pond, it makes a stick pile and eats out one or more underwater entrances and 2 platforms above the water surface inside the pile. The first is used for drying off. Towards winter, it applies mud plaster which, when it freezes, has the same consistency as concrete. Dam is built by trees the beaver cut down along with rocks, grass, and mud. Cuts trees with strong incisor teeth and uses feet for digging, carrying, and placing materials. Builds canals by using forelimbs to push through soil and vegetation.

Conservation Status: Although listed as Least Concern, its numbers are nothing like the used to be thanks to the fur trade whose pelts were particularly prized for making hats and later led to the French and Indian War as well as habitat loss due to deforestation and development and climate change. Nonetheless, thanks to protection measures during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, its numbers have recovered to 10-15 million but its not like the 100-200 million during colonial days. Can also be seen as pests when its ecological engineering poses risks to human structures and crop land. While it is considered invasive in South America and Europe where it was introduced for its fur.

Trivia: Is the national symbol of Canada. Has 25 subspecies. Largest rodent in North America. Communicate through scent marking, vocalization, and tail slapping. Is an excellent swimmer and may remain submerged for 15 minutes. Beaver ponds provide habitats for waterfowl, fish, and other aquatic animals as well as reduce soil erosion and help control flooding. But dams depend on a beaver’s continued presence and maintenance. Is considered a keystone species due to increasing biodiversity in its territory through creating ponds and wetlands. When wetlands form and riparian habitats expand, aquatic plants quickly colonize the watery habitat as animal diversity’s also expanded. Could expand lodges to accommodate other wildlife in its own rooms during the winter months.

Other Candidates: Pocket Gopher, North American River Otter, Least Weasel, Ermine, Pine Marten, Eastern Chipmunk, Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel, and Red Fox.

24. Mississippi

North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis)

Why the Cutest: Given that Mississippi borders the river that bears its name, it’s a state that’s filled with rivers, streams, and swamps with a little bit of coastline. Mississippi State even has a website called Otter Spotter where people in the state could report otter sightings. With its curious eyes, small ears, long whiskers, little nose, long sausage body, and playful nature, it’s among the cutest animals in most states. In fact, its an animal that loves to play such as wrestle, slide on mud, chase others, and splash in the water.

Lifespan: Usually live 8-9 years in the wild, sometimes 12-13. Well, once it survives its first year and more than half of them typically don’t. Can also live 21-25 years in captivity. Predators include American alligator, American crocodile, killer whale, bobcat, cougar, coyote, domestic dog, wolf, American black bear, bald eagle, red fox, grizzly bear, and polar bear.

Location and Habitat: Lives throughout North America save the American southwest. Resides in a variety of aquatic habitats whether it be freshwater, coastal, or marine. Whether it be rivers, lakes, inland wetlands, coastal shorelines, marshes, and estuaries. Can tolerate a great range of elevation and temperatures. As long as its near a watershed and provides a steady food supply, it could live pretty much anywhere. But prefers such areas with rocks, vegetation, and sufficient cover.

Diet: Mostly eats fish and crustaceans but can also consume frogs, turtles, insects, birds, and some small mammals. So it basically has a rather well-rounded carnivorous diet.

Behavior: Known to be social but could survive on its own. Can hunt in pairs or alone. Loves to play with others, which creates social bonds, improves hunting skills, and marks territory. Not aggressively territorial but frequently scent-marks certain spots to make its presence known.

Conservation Status: Although currently listed as Least Concern, its populations have greatly suffered due to the fur trade, climate change, habitat loss, and pollution. Although clean water regulations, furbearer management techniques, and reintroduction projects have reestablish populations throughout the country save the southwest. Lives in a holt or den often once constructed by other animals or in natural hollows. Den typically has one entrance leading to a nest chamber lined with leaves, grass, moss, bark, and hair. Females can give birth to 1-3 pups, sometimes as many as 5. Mothers raise their young without any male assistance. Although a pup may leave the den at 2 months old, it often stays with its family, which sometimes includes a father, until the following spring.

Trivia: Can effectively avoid predators since it can dive, burrow, twist, and turn its body for evasive attacks, allowing it survive attacks. Dense coat keeps it warm and dry in freezing temperatures.

Other Candidates: Mississippi Map Turtle, Southern Flying Squirrel, Red Fox, Eastern Cottontail, and Least Shrew.

25. Missouri

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Why the Cutest: A falcon often the size of a blue jay, it’s one of the most underrated American animals and should receive way more attention than it actually receives. This pocket-sized raptor is a colorful bird with an expressive face, large dark eyes, quirky habits such as bobbing its head and tail while perched, and fierce hunting prowess. The American Kestrel may be tiny but it’s a mighty little hunter that will greatly endear you and should at least receive its own nature documentary so millions can get to know and fall in love with it. Especially when it makes its “killy-killy-killy” call whenever territorial or excited. A remarkable, highly adaptable, and often overlooked bird of prey that deserves its day to shine in the spotlight.

Lifespan: Typically lives less 1-5 years in the wild with the oldest recorded age being 11. Can live 14-17 years in captivity. Predators include large snakes, domestic cats, domestic dogs, bigger birds of prey, foxes, bobcats, cougars, bears, and more.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the Americas from Alaska to Argentina save the Amazon Rainforest and parts of Chile. Some migrate. Some do not. Resides in a wide variety of habitats including grasslands, meadows, and deserts as well as other open or semi-open areas. As long as it includes perches, open hunting spaces, and nesting cavities. Can live in very diverse conditions from frozen Arctic tundra and high mountain elevations to tropical rainforests, arid deserts, and beaches. Can even live in urban and suburban areas as well.

Diet: Mainly eats small animals like grasshoppers, crickets, butterflies, moths, dragonflies, beetles, lizards, mice, voles, shrews, frogs, small birds, scorpions, snakes, and bats.

Behavior: Often mate for life while migratory kestrels often use previous nesting sites for consecutive years. Males perform elaborate dive displays to advertise their territory and attract a mate. This consists of several climbs and dives with 3-4 “klee” calls at their peaks. Nests in cavities but can adapt to a wide variety of nesting situations. Prefer natural cavities with closed tops and tight-fitting entrances that provide maximum egg and young protection. Can nest in large woodpecker holes or use abandoned nests built by other birds. Also commonly utilize nesting boxes. Females can lay around 3-7 eggs per clutch (but usually 4-5). Older kestrel pairs often produce more offspring than younger couples.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but have suffered greatly due to environmental stress from human development, use of agricultural chemicals and toxic run-off, pollution, climate change, and habitat loss. And while it’s the most abundant falcon in North America with 9.2 million recorded adults, it has experienced gradual but sustained declines in recent decades, especially in certain regions. But conservation efforts do exist such as the Peregrine Fund’s American Kestrel Partnership that was launched in 2012. This partnership develops and maintains a web-based network for citizen and professional scientists to enter, manage, and consolidate data from kestrel nest box monitoring programs within the Western Hemisphere. Nonetheless, it’s a bird that you likely saw in the wild at least once in your life although you may not remember it or what it exactly was when you saw it.

Trivia: Has 17 subspecies. Only kestrel in the Americas. Have been used in falconry and extensive toxicology research. Although falconers must know that despite being a beginner bird, it’s not easy to train. While hunting, it carefully chooses its battles to conserve energy and will move if its chance of prey success significantly declines. Preferred hunting method is perching and waiting for the food to come to them but can also hunt by kiting, which is the standard hovering in the air while scanning for prey. Bobs head and tail before making a strike.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Southern Flying Squirrel, Eastern Gray Squirrel, Virginia Opossum, Eastern Bluebird, and Red Fox.

26. Montana

Yellow-Bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventer)

Why the Cutest: Sure, it’s not as adorable as the pygmy rabbit or the American Pika. But this Rocky Mountain critter is a chubby, alpine rodent known by names like “rock chuck” or “whistle pig” due to its loud whistling sounds to warn others of danger. Yet, at the same time, this big chonky ground squirrel loves the easy life of chomping on plants, sunning on boulders, and spending up to 8 months sleeping in its underground burrow. While young marmot pups are often very playful, often tumbling, nuzzling, and chasing each other around rock burrows.

Lifespan: Usually live up to 15 years, which is unusually high for an animal its size. That is if it’s lucky enough to survive its first year, which only half do. Predators include foxes, coyotes, wolves, and eagles.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the semi-arid and mountainous areas of the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Great Basin, usually at elevations above 6,500ft. Inhabits steppes, meadows, talus fields, valleys, foothills, as well as the edges of coniferous and deciduous forests. Can be found as low as 5,400-14,000ft in elevation.

Diet: Omnivorous but mainly eats a plant-based diet of grass, greens, leaves, flowers, legumes, forbs, bird eggs, and insects. Favorite flowers are larkspur, lupine, columbine, cinquefoil, dandelion, and cow parsnip. Also enjoys clover and alfalfa.

Behavior: Typically digs burrows under rocks on slopes of hills, mountains, and cliffs but will burrow underneath trees and buildings. When seeing a predator, it whistles to warn others in its vicinity. Only to afterwards hide in a rock pile until the threat has passed. Is Diurnal. Spends 80% of its life in its burrow, 60% of which is spent in hibernation. Despite hibernating during the winter, it doesn’t store food in a cache. Spends much of the active season accumulating enough fat to survive the winter hibernation. Can live alone, in pairs, or in colonies. Males dig burrows soon after waking from hibernation before finding females to reproduce with. Can have up to 4 female mates by the summer but often has 2-3. Females mate once a year during a 2-week breeding season in the spring. Females produce litters of 3-5 offspring. Colonies comprise of 1 or more harems. Female offspring typically stay in an area around their home. Male offspring leave as yearlings to start their own harems. Is a highly social animal with visiting other burrows, greeting fellow colony members and play-fighting. Communicate to each other through high-pitched whistles. Daily activities include daily grooming, sunning, feeding, digging, and residing in burrow.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern although living at high elevations may make it vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Increasing temperatures have shifted marmot behavior causing hibernation to end sooner and breeding season to start likewise. This has resulted in a longer growing season contributing to an increase body mass and population growth.

Trivia: May climb trees to get food but is largely terrestrial.

Other Candidates: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, North American River Otter, Pygmy Rabbit, Black-Footed Ferret, American Pika, Ermine, North American Beaver, Black-Capped Chickadee, and Mountain Bluebird.

27. Nebraska

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)

Why the Cutest: With its small size, big yellow eyes, excessive head-bobbing, and habit of living in underground holes, it’s a widely loved bird known to be exceptionally adorable. Its big, wide eyes and bright wide eyebrows make it appear very curious. It bobs its head while watching things or feeling nervous. Since Nebraska is a state of farms and grasslands, the Burrowing Owl is its perfect representation of cuteness.

Lifespan: Can live at least 9 years in the wild and over 10 in captivity. Often killed by vehicular traffic. Predators include badgers, coyotes, snakes, and feral and domestic cats and dogs.

Location and Habitat: Lives as north as Canada and as south as South America. Yet its North American population usually inhabits the Great Plains and Western regions. North American population is mainly migratory that winters in Central America. South American population is not. Often inhabited in rangelands, grasslands, agricultural areas or any open, dry area with low vegetation. It may even nest in golf courses, airports, roadsides, or near farms, homes, and well-maintained irrigation canals. But it can live almost anywhere except high mountain areas, tundra, or dense tropical rainforest.

Diet: Eats large insects, small mammals, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, worms, fruits, spiders, and seeds.

Behavior: Despite its name, it’s actually a squatter that frequently nests and roosts in burrows made by other animals, most commonly ground squirrels, foxes, and badgers. But may dig its own if one is unavailable or settle in man-made structures with easy access to the surface. When threatened, it retreats to the burrow and produces a rattling, hissing sounds similar to a rattlesnake. Nesting season is from March to April. Usually monogamous but a male may have occasionally 2 mates. Females usually lay 4-12 eggs per clutch (but usually 9). Both parents raise the chicks. Sometimes nests in loose colonies or nest on the same sites for years. Lines its nest with a wide variety of materials with the most common being animal dung, usually of the cattle variety. Will perch until it spots prey before swooping down or flying up. Sometimes even chase food on the ground. Unlike most owls, it’s active during the day but has night vision and can hunt during around dawn and dusk.

Conservation Status: Although it’s listed as Least Concern, it’s still seen as threatened or endangered in various locations such as Canada, Mexico, South America, Colorado, California, and Florida. This is mainly due to habitat loss, prairie dog control programs, passive relocations, and declines in animal populations that it depends upon. Although it has adapted to living within urban environments.

Trivia: Has 18 subspecies, 2 of which are now extinct. Has longer legs than other owls, allowing it to sprint when pursuing prey. Can actually fly but is often airborne in short bursts such as when fleeing predators and normally doesn’t fly very high off the ground. Bobs head to judge distances.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Red Fox, Eastern Cottontail, and North American Porcupine.

28. Nevada

Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)

Why the Cutest: It’s a cat-sized desert critter who loves the nightlife, making a perfect cuteness representation for Nevada. Although nightlife for this cutie is very different from a night on the Las Vegas Strip. Its big, round expressive eyes circled by white fur gives it a perpetually curious look. Add that with its long, fluffy tail and large, cupped ears, it resembles something between a ring-tailed lemur and a small toy dog. Even though it’s been described as cat-like. And yet, despite its cuteness, it’s an animal many have never really heard of, which is kind of a shame.

Lifespan: Usually lives 7 years in the wild and can live 14-16 in captivity. Causes of death are predators, disease, and environmental stress. Predators include foxes, bobcats, coyotes, raccoons, hawks, owls, coatis, lynxes, and cougars.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the American Southwest and Mexico. Commonly found in rocky, desert habitats associated with water like riparian canyons, caves, or abandoned mine shafts.

Diet: Eats birds, mice, rats, squirrels, rabbits, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, insects, berries, seeds, and carrion. So it basically can eat almost anything.

Behavior: Primarily nocturnal. Lives a solitary adult life, only coming together to mate in early spring. Yet, could share a den and actively groom one another. Female produces 2-4 offspring per litter.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern but has been hunted for its pelts in the past. Nonetheless, it’s protected in both California and Oregon.

Trivia: Has flexible ankle joints that could rotate over 180 degrees, making it an agile climber. Long tail provides balance for negotiating narrow ledges and limbs, even allowing it to reverse directions by doing a cartwheel. It can climb narrow passages by stemming (which is pressing all its feet on one wall and back against the other or pressing both right feet on one wall and both left feet on the other). Can navigate wider cracks by ricocheting between walls. Has short, straight, and semi-retractable claws well suited for climbing. Ringed tail could be as long as its body. Large eyes and upright ears make it easier for nighttime navigation. Rings are used to distract predators. Can produce a variety of sounds and uses fecal marking as an intraspecific communication method. Can survive long periods on water without food. Can be tamed by humans and was once used by settlers and miners to keep cabins free from vermin. State mammal of Arizona.

Other Candidates: Kit Fox, American Badger, Pygmy Rabbit, and White-Tailed Antelope Squirrel.

29. New Hampshire

Stoat (Mustela erminea)

Why the Cutest: It’s a tiny, energetic mammal with an adorable face, playful antics, high speeds, and surprising ferocity that it’s hardly surprising that it has become a mascot of a Winter Olympics. Yet, this beady-eyed stuffed animal is an opportunistic and deadly predator that can kill animals much larger than itself. When excited or trying to confuse its prey, it performs a rapid and twisting dance with leaps and hops. That we must be lucky that its major weapon against us is undeniable cuteness capturing our hearts. Makes one wonder why they’d hunt this little guy for furs. Still, this is an animal that runs on pure killer rabbit energy. Hopelessly adorable but actually deadly to anything rabbit-sized or smaller.

Lifespan: Typically lives 4-6 years in the wild. Predators include foxes, sables, birds of prey, and gray herons. Can be susceptible to tuberculosis, mange, canine distemper, ticks, fleas, and worms.

Location and Habitat: Lives throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere in North America, Europe, and Asia. In North America, it can be found as south as the Great Basin. Resides in a wide range of habitats frozen tundra, high mountains, temperate forests, and grasslands.

Diet: Mostly eats small mammals such as rodents. But can also eat small birds, amphibians, lizards, insects, and lemmings.

Behavior: Breeding season is in April to July. It isn’t monogamous and littermates can have mixed paternity. Females can produce a litter of up to 12 kits but probably have less than that per year. Males play no part in upbringing. Mark territories with urine and feces. Uses burrows and nest chambers of rodents it kills and used the prey furs to line it. Can also inhabit old and rotting stumps, under tree roots, brushwood heaps, haystacks, bog hammocks, cracks of vacant mud buildings, rock piles, rock clefts, and even magpie nests. Is a very opportunistic predator that rapidly moves while checking every nook and cranny for available food. Can climb trees to get birds’ nests and commonly raid nest boxes. Can immobilize larger prey like rabbits with a bite to the neck. Caches leftovers. Is usually a silent animal but can produce a range of sounds such as chirping, hissing, trilling, whining, and squealing.

Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern. Although it has been hunted for its fur for centuries. While it’s seen as an invasive species in New Zealand and threat to native bird populations.

Trivia: Has 21 subspecies. Has anal scent glands that gives a secretion deposited through body rubbing and emits a distinct odor. Molts twice a year and some adopt a white coat during the winter. Can take down prey much larger than itself. Is considered a good climber, runner, and swimmer.

Other Candidates: Red Fox, New England Cottontail, Black-Capped Chickadee, American Mink, Harbor Seal, American Marten, and New England Cottontail.

30. New Jersey

Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii)

Why the Cutest: It’s the smallest turtle in North America and New Jersey’s state reptile. With its tiny size, orange splotches on its neck and head, and smooth, dark smells, it’s an exceptional cutie that one may want in a terrarium. But before you consider it, know that it’s critically endangered due to the black market pet trade so it’s absolutely not a good idea. Especially when there’s regulations against it. But note that its babies are only the size of pennies.

Lifespan: Usually live 20-30 years in the wild. But may live more than 35 in captivity, possibly more than 50. Predators include snapping turtles, muskrats, striped skunks, foxes, dogs, and raccoons. Susceptible to leeches, parasitic flies, and bacterial infections.

Location and Habitat: Primarily lives in much of the eastern United States. Prefers calcareous wetlands, meadows, bogs, marshes, forest edges, and spring seeps with both wet and dry regions.

Diet: Eats aquatic plants, seeds, berries, earthworms, snails, slugs, insects, other invertebrates, frogs, and other small vertebrates. Can be fed a variety of fruits and veggies as well as meat like liver, chicken hearts, and tinned dog food.

Behavior: Congregates in colonies of less than 20. Mates in early spring. Females lay one clutch per year comprising of 1-6 eggs during April to July. Diurnal and wakes up at sunrise. Spends colder days in dense underbrush, underwater, or buried in mud. Spends warmer days sunning and scavenging (save a short period during mating season). Yet, often takes shelter during the hottest part of the day. In extreme heat, it estivates or go underground sometimes occupying networks of tunnels filled with water. Buries itself in soft tunnels at night. Spends September to April in hibernation either alone or in small groups of 12 that could contain multiple species. Favorite hibernation spots contain dense soil and a strong root system for protection. But could also hibernate at tree bottoms, animal burrows, or empty spaces of mud. Only emerges from hibernation if the temperature hits the 60s-80s. Males are territorial and will fight each other. Females will only be aggressive in self-defense from other females. Main defense is burying itself in soft mud since its shell offers little protection from predators. Moves very little day-to-day, usually 65-70ft on land. Can swim but long swimming excursions are rare. Will travel long distances for a new habitat if its home becomes unsuitable during the spring.

Conservation Status: Listed as Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, invasive plant species, poaching for the pet trade, and pollution. Measures have been implemented to restore wetland habitats and stabilize its population through captive breeding programs.

Trivia: Can survive long periods without oxygen. Other Candidates: Eastern Chipmunk, Red Fox, Harbor Seal, and Virginia Opossum.

The United States of Cuteness: Part 2 – Hawaii to Maryland

Of course, when it comes to cute animals, you can’t always please everyone. Sure, the sea otter might be perfect for California since it’s the center of the animal’s conservation efforts. But I put in the Island Fox because it’s only found on the state’s Channel Islands. While sea otters could be found in other states like Alaska and Washington. While the sea otter will come much later. Then there’s the fact that a cute critter must fit the state as you can see with the American Pika in Colorado and the West Indian Manatee with Florida. In this post we’ll meet ten more cute creatures from these United States. You’ll meet a sea turtle in Hawaii, a little bunny in Idaho, a couple of skunks in Illinois and Kentucky, a mink in Indiana, a frog in Louisiana, a favorite seabird in Maine, and squirrels in Iowa, Kansas, and Maryland.

11. Hawaii

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Why the Cutest: This creature always had special meaning to native Hawaiians, said to symbolize a navigator that can find its way home time after time. Some Hawaiian legends said it was the first to guide the Polynesians to the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiians revere the Kailua, a turtle that could take the form of a girl at will. It’s also regarded as gentle and friendly but not one you can pet. While the baby turtles are especially adorable.

Lifespan: It’s said that most don’t make it to sexual maturity. A significant number don’t make it to the ocean while it’s said many more die as juveniles. But should a Green Sea Turtle be among the 1% who become ready to smash (which might take about 20-50 years), it could expect to live up to 80 years in the wild. Predators include gulls, crabs, sharks, small marine mammals, red foxes, and golden jackals. Parasites include barnacles, leeches, protozoans, cestodes, nematodes, and fipropapilloma.

Location and Habitat: Lives in all temperate and tropical parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans as well as within coastal beaches, inshore bays, lagoons, and shoals with lush seagrass meadows. Entire generations migrate between feeding and nesting areas.

Diet: Varies with age. Young turtles eat fish and their eggs, sea hare eggs, hydrozoans, bryozoans, mollusks, jellyfish, small invertebrates, echinoderms, tunicates, insects, worms, sponges, algae, sea grasses, leaves, tree bark, and crustaceans. Older sea turtles eat green and red algae, red moss, freshwater red algae, lobster horns, sea lettuce, green seaweed, crinkle grass, sea grasses, and wetland plants.

Behavior: Often return to breed and lay eggs at the beaches where they were born though only females move up along the high tide line. Females control the mating process in the water with a few populations even practicing polyandry. Females lay a clutch around 85-200 eggs in a hole they dig. When eggs hatch (which is often at night), hatchlings move directly towards the water. A significant number don’t make it to the ocean due to predation.

Conservation Status: Although it’s listed as Least Concern, its population has suffered due to hunting, poaching, egg harvesting, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.

Trivia: It spends almost its whole life submerged and have an efficient respiratory system that allows it to quickly replace air in its lungs after surfacing for a few seconds. It can also sleep underwater for hours at a time. Can swim up to 40 mph, making it the fast sea turtle. Also, plays an essential role in ecosystems regarding seagrass beds by eating only the tops. Its efforts provide a habitat for many species of fish and crustaceans.

Other Candidates: Puffer Fish, Hawaiian Monk Seal, Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin, ‘I’iwi, Happy Face Spider, Jackson’s, Chameleon, and Gold Dust Day Gecko.

12. Idaho

Pygmy Rabbit (Sylvilagus idahoensis)

Why the Cutest: It’s a Rocky Mountain critter that belongs in a children’s storybook as well as the world’s smallest rabbit. This fuzzy, grapefruit-sized Idaho potato exhibit short ears and soft gray-brown fur.  While southeastern Idaho is full of these spud muffins.

Lifespan: Most usually don’t last long with the highest adult mortality being in late winter and early spring. Juvenile mortality peaks during the summer. In fact, average lifespan is said to be less than 2 years in the wild and up to 3-5 years in captivity. Common causes of death are harsh winters and heavy predation. Predators include weasels, coyotes, red foxes, American badgers, bobcats, great horned owls, and northern harriers.

Location and Habitat: Lives in most of the Great Basin and some of the adjacent intermountain areas of western North America. Normally found in areas on deep soil with tall, dense sagebrush which it uses for shelter and food. Often restricted to areas with heavy shrub cover, primarily in big sagebrush and rabbitbrush communities. Sites also include plants like greasewood, antelope bitterbrush, threetip sagebrush, low rabbitbrush, gray horsebrush, prickly phlox, thick spike wheatgrass, plains reedgrass, sedges, prairie junegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, bluegrass, needle-and-thread grass, western yarrow, rosy pussytoes, milkvetch, arrowleaf balsamroot, buckwheat, tailcup lupine, phlox, bitterbrush, and sulfurflower.

Diet: Primarily eats big sagebrush which comprises 99% of its winter diet. Grasses and forbs are often summer food for this critter. Menu also includes rubber rabbitbrush, winterfat, Indian ricegrass, thick spike wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and needlegrass.

Behavior: Breeding season lasts from February through May. Litter size is typically 6 and as many as 3 litters could be produced per year. Most active around dusk and dawn but could be active at any time. But usually rests in burrows at midday.

Conservation Status: Although currently listed as Least Concern, it’s particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction due to its reliance on big sagebrush which can be destroyed in brush fires or cleared in agricultural developments. An isolated population is also known to live in the Columbia River drainage basin which faced significant declines due to small size and inbreeding. Only to be reintroduced in 2015 thanks to interstate efforts.

Trivia: One of 2 rabbit species in North America that could dig its own burrow. Burrows are often on the slopes at the base of sagebrush plants with tunnels widening below the surface forming chambers and extend to a depth to 3.3ft. On average, these burrows have 4-5 entrances, sometimes as few as 2 or as many as 10. In shallow soil, it could live in holes among volcanic rocks, in stone walls, around abandoned buildings, and in used burrows made by American Badgers and Yellow-Bellied Marmots. Can venture as far as 300ft from its burrow. During winter, it often tunnels under snow to find food, which can be quite extensive and extend from one sagebrush to another.

Other Candidates: American Pika, Yellow-Bellied Marmot, American Badger, North American River Otter, Red Fox, and Least Weasel.

13. Illinois

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Why the Cutest: Since the Cree and Objibwe shee-gawk is the root word for Chicago, which means “skunk-land,” it might as well represent the Land of Lincoln. Sure, it may be a controversial choice due to its reputation as a little stinker with “don’t make me do it energy” when up against predators and oncoming traffic. While Native American myth and oral tradition may feature them as heroes, villains, tricksters, and monsters. However, it shares popular traits with cats and dogs such as round faces, big dark eyes, tiny paws, and soft fur. Its playful waddles and curious nature could only capture a human heart. While its black and white stripes make it look distinctly cartoonish, like little masked characters. And if you think this little stinker is hard to resist as an adult, wait until you see what its kits look like.

Lifespan: Usually lives around 2-4 years in the wild though some have lived as long as 6-7 years. Though it has a high first-year mortality rate due to severe weather, disease, and starvation. While it can survive 10-15 years in captivity. Aside from birds of prey, it has no natural predators aside from birds of prey since most mammal apex predators don’t want to get sprayed. Though cougars, bobcats, foxes, coyotes, and badgers will hunt one if they’re absolutely starving. It’s also very vulnerable to motor vehicles due to poor night vision. One of the major carriers of rabies, second to raccoons.

Location and Habitat: Lives in southern Canada, most of the lower United States 48, and northern Mexico. Inhabits a variety of habitats like mixed woodlands, brushy corners, open fields interspersed with wooded ravines and rocky outcrops. Some populations such as northwestern Illinois, prefer cultivated areas over uncultivated ones.

Diet: Primarily eats insects like grasshoppers, beetles, crickets, caterpillars, along with other insect larvae and bees. Other invertebrates include worms, crayfish, and other non-insect arthropods. During winter and spring, it often supplements its diet with white-footed mice, voles, along with ground nesting eggs and chicks. Not to mention, amphibians, reptiles, carrion, and fish. In addition, it’s also known to eat apples, blueberries, black cherries, ground cherries, corn and nightshade. Thus, though it prefers grubs, it’s game for basically anything.

Behavior: Unlike what you might see in Bambi, a single male may have a harem of several females that he mates with once a year and defends against other males for over a month. So less Flower and more like Pepe LePew. Once mating is done, the pregnant females return to their dens as the males try to build their fat reserves. Females can produce 2-12 kits per litter but usually 5-6. Although one in Pennsylvania was said to give birth to 18. Can dig its own den but will appropriate any those abandoned by other animals should the opportunity present itself. These dens will only be used in late fall, winter, and early spring, but females with unweaned kits often hold onto them up to the summer. In more human-modified surroundings, it often digs a den in fencerows, mainly because it’s less likely to be disturbed by livestock and machinery. Though it’s common for a single male and multiple females to occupy a single den. Doesn’t fully hibernate in the winter since it will forage in short periods while living off fat reserves, which will result in it losing 50% of its body weight by springtime. Although it’s known for its chemical musk spray against predators, it is mostly a weapon of last resort.

Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern due to its wide range and ability to adapt to human-modified environments. Although they often fall victims to traffic accidents when crossing a road. Not to mention, highly sought after primarily for its fur and later farmed. Trappers, Chinese immigrants and Native Americans ate them. While Chinese immigrants used its gall bladders as medicine. Its fat was once used as a lubricant. While its musk was once employed as a remedy for asthma, despite its very strong odor being better suited for warding off unwanted suitors. Some are even kept as pets with their stinkers removed or as pest control.

Trivia: Has 13 subspecies. Can use its sharp claws to tear away rotting logs and dig in the soil to find bugs and other prey.

Other Candidates: American Mink, North American River Otter, American Badger, Eastern Chipmunk, and Southern Flying Squirrel.

14. Indiana

American Mink (Neogale vison)

Why the Cutest: The American Mink is an adorable little sausage often exploited for its fur industry. Especially when it came to making coats, stoles, scarves, and trim. As a live animal, it’s highly adaptable in a variety of different environments. While its cuteness can’t be denied with its tiny face, short legs, and sleek body. Because once you see it, you’ll swear that it’s the only one on the block that should be wearing a mink coat it doesn’t have to give an arm and a leg for.

Lifespan: Usually lives 1-3 years in the wild due to disease, traps, hard winters, and predators. Though some could live up to 10 years, especially in captivity. Predators include large birds of prey, bobcats, coyotes, and massive snakes. Often carries tick and flea infestations. While Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy (TME) can prove deadly.

Location and Habitat: Native to most of Canada and the United States from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico. Most habitats are in undisturbed, rocky coastal habitats with broad littoral zones and dense cover. Some are on estuaries, rivers and canals near urban areas. But as far as real estate goes, this little guy isn’t particularly fussy. As long as the property has an ideal den site that’s close to water.

Diet: Is an opportunistic carnivore that eats fish, crayfish, frogs, rodents, small mammals, birds, crustaceans, and eggs. Although it’s known to attack chicken coops, it only stops once it kills one.

Behavior: Breeding season lasts from February to April with males commonly fighting, which could result in loose, temporary dominance hierarchies governing access to receptive females. Is promiscuous and doesn’t form pair bonds, meaning that male has no role in the parenting. Average litter comprises of 4 kits. Although large litters of 11 and 16 have been reported. Is a solitary animal whose territories have minimal intrasex overlap but extensive intersex overlap. Dens consist of long burrows in river banks, holes under logs, tree stumps, or roots and hollow trees. Yet, it can also have dens in rock crevices, drains, nooks under stone piles and bridges. May nest in burrows once previously dug by badgers, muskrats, and skunks. May even dig burrows from old ant hills. Yet, its den could have a large number of entrances and twisting passages. Entrances can vary from 1-8. Only vocalizes during close encounters with other minks or predators. Emits piercing shrieks when threatened and muffled chuckling during mating. Kits repeatedly squeak when separated from their mothers. In aggressive interactions, it asserts dominance by arching its back, puffing up, lashing out its tail, and stomping and scraping the ground with its feet while opening its mouth in a threat gape. If its show is unsuccessful, fights may result in head or neck injuries.

Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern. In areas where it was introduced for fur farms, it’s considered invasive, especially when it escapes one. However, it does have a history of being hunted and trapped for its furs as well as tamed as pets and for pest control.

Trivia: Has 15 subspecies. Has been found to be able to transmit the virus causing Covid 19. Is an excellent swimmer and agile climber capable of diving deep underwater to hunt.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, American Badger, Eastern Chipmunk, Virginia Opossum, and Red Fox.

15. Iowa

Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus)

Why the Cutest: With its small body and chubby cheeks, it has often been featured on cartoons for decades like Disney’s Chip and Dale or the brothers Alvin, Simon, and Theodore from Alvin and the Chipmunks. Makes cute noises such as chips, chucks, trills, whistles, squeals, and chatters. Its fast, darting runs make it fun and energetic to watch. When eating, it even holds tiny seeds or nuts in its front paws just like miniature squirrels.

Lifespan: Lives up to 3 years in the wild and up to 8 years in captivity. Predators include hawks, owls, foxes, raccoons, snakes, weasels, coyotes, lynx, domestic dogs, and domestic cats. Can also be a host to parasitic larvae of botflies.

Location and Habitat: Lives predominantly in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States to as far as eastern North Dakota and as south as northeastern Louisiana. Resides in deciduous wooded areas and urban parks. Prefers locations with rocky areas, brush, or log piles along with shrubs to provide cover.

Diet: Eats nuts, seeds, acorns, berries, mushrooms, insects, and occasional small eggs or frogs.

Behavior: Unlike what Disney may tell you, it doesn’t live in a tree or with a sibling. Rather, it’s a solitary creature who spends most of its time foraging on the ground in deciduous woods, brushy areas, and suburban yards. In fact, it digs complex underground tunnel systems that can stretch over 30ft, carefully concealing the entrances. Doesn’t fully hibernate during the winter (at least as we know it). Instead, it stays its burrow during cold weather, waking up periodically to eat from its stored food cache. More like sleeping all except for trips to the fridge. Stores items in its stretchy cheek pouches to transport food back to its underground storehouses. Active during the day. Only interacts with its own species during mating season or pups with their mother. Mating seasons are from February to April and from June to August. Females often produce 1-2 litters of 3-5 young.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Least Concern as it’s basically a regular backyard sight.

Trivia: Molt once or twice annually.

Other Candidates: American River Otter, Southern Flying Squirrel, Red Fox, Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, American Mink, and Virginia Opossum.

16.  Kansas

Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Why the Cutest: Since Kansas is known as the Prairie State, there’s no better animal to represent it in the US of Cuteness than this little guy. This cunning, highly social rodent is famous for its expressive upright stances, complex communication, and adorable “greeting kisses.” Its “jump yip” display has it stretching up on its hind legs and throw its front paws in the air. Within its tight-knit family group, it spends a lot of time grooming and cuddling.

Lifespan: Usually lives 3-5 years though females can live 7-8 years in the wild. Can live 8-10 years or more in captivity. First year survival is 52%. Major causes of death included predation, disease, infanticide, habitat loss, poisoning, trapping, and shooting. Sylvatic plague can wipe out entire colonies within a few days. Also susceptible diseases brought by introduced animals. Predators include coyotes, American badgers, bobcats, golden eagles, ferruginous hawks, red-tailed hawks, prairie rattlesnakes, and black-footed ferrets.

Location and Habitat: Lives in the Great Plains from as north as Montana to as south as Texas. Resides in grassland habitats such as shortgrass prairie, mixed-grass prairie, sagebrush grass, and desert grassland. Habitat preferences influenced by vegetative cover type, slope, soil type, and rainfall amount.

Diet: Herbivorous. Prefers grass over forbs, which comprises of 75% of its diet. Menu includes western wheatgrass, buffalo grass, sedges, scarlet globemallow, Russian thistle, plains prickly pear, rabbitbrush, winterfat, saltbrush, and sagebrush.

Behavior: Is diurnal but doesn’t venture above ground as much when it rains or snows, or when the temperature exceeds 100º F. Spends much of its time either foraging or high alert constantly keeping watch for predators. Doesn’t fully hibernate during the winter, when it continues to leave the burrows to forage but sometimes enters a torpor state at night to conserve energy. This results in it losing 20% of its body weight during the fall and winter months. Lives in colonies, which could range from as little as 5 to thousands and may be subdivided into 2 or more wards based on topographic features like hills. Wards usually have 2 or more coteries which comprise of aggregates of highly territorial, harem-polygynous social groups. Individuals with coteries are often amicable with each other and hostile towards outsiders. Breeding season is usually in the spring. Females usually produce one litter of 3-5 young each year. Young males leave natal territory 12-14 after weaning.  Dig vast networks of burrows that are used for breeding, rearing young, and hiding from predators as well as are maintained for generations. Nests consists of fine, dried grass that’s collected by both sexes and all age classes. Most colonies usually contain 20-57 burrows per acre. Types of entrances are dome mounds, rimmed crater mounds, and entrances without structures around them. Entrances may prevent flooding and/or aid in ventilation. Compact soil with its nose.

Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern although it has lost a lot of ground due to habitat loss due to agriculture and development, having a reputation as pests by ranchers, being seen as competitors for forage against livestock (despite research suggests that it has either a neutral and beneficial effect), and the pet trade. Colonies can also be wiped out by plague. Even though it’s not as in trouble as some grassland species, current numbers and occupied acreage are drastically below historical levels and likely to remain so in the foreseeable future. Mainly because while it may not be officially in danger, its grassland habitat and ecosystem it supports certainly is.

Trivia: Has been called an “ecosystem engineers” due to its influence on its habitat characteristics, landscape architecture, and ecosystem structure and function. That research suggests it to be a keystone species in a significant part of its range. This shit talking critter enhance diversity of flora and fauna through foraging and burrowing activities as well as its presence as prey. Grasslands inhabited by Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs support higher biodiversity than those without them. Also use a sophisticated communication system to describe specific predators. Has sensitive hearing at low frequencies to avoid predators.

Other Candidates: Virginia Opossum, Least Shrew, Eastern Cottontail, and Striped Skunk.

17. Kentucky

Eastern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius)

Why the Cutest: It’s Kentucky’s official state non-game mammal. Compared to the Striped Skunk in the Illinois entry, it’s only as large as a good-sized tree squirrel and has a more weasel-like body. Making it resemble a miniature fluffy ferret. It also lifts its back legs in the air in a handstand before it sprays, which many find funny and adorable. While its spotted black and white give it a painted, cute style.

Lifespan: Usually live 1-2 years in the wild though many don’t survive their first year. Can live up to 10 years in captivity. Predators include big cats, bobcats, owls, and birds of prey.

Location and Habitat: Lives mainly in the American southeast and Midwest to the Dakotas and south Texas. Prefers forest edges and upland prairie grasslands, especially when rocky outcrops and shrub clumps are present. Can rely on riptarian corridors with woody shrubs and woodland edges as well as wooden fencerows, odd areas, and abandoned farm buildings.

Diet: Like the Striped Skunk, it eats practically anything such as insects, small mammals, bird eggs, fruits, berries, bees, and honey.

Behavior: Is nocturnal and more active on cool and dry nights than warm and wet ones. Doesn’t hibernate but greatly reduces activity during intense summer heatwaves and very cold winters. Is a secretive and elusive creature that humans rarely see in the wild. Breeding season is usually March and April while young are often born in May. Is generally polygynous. Females produce an average of 4-5 kits per litter. Underground dens can be shared by up to 8 of them during the winter. Burrows could be self-dug or previously abandoned.

Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable due to sharp declines in several states, particularly in the Midwest for unknown reasons. Since it was very quick to adapt to human settlement that it was frequently trapped until the mid-20th century, frequently seen in farmlands, and known to dig burrows under barn sides. Causes attributed include pesticide use, modernized farming techniques, over-trapping, habitat loss, and consolidation of barns and other manmade structures. Thus, it has become a rare creature of great conservation need.

Trivia: Tail counts for 1/3 of its total length. Can perform a handstand before a potential predator as well as does foot stomping to warn one approaching it that’s often followed by it spraying the odorous secretion. More agile and vigilant than other North American skunks. Can climb and take shelter in trees and jump.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Red Fox, Virginia Opossum, and Eastern Chipmunk.

18. Louisiana

American Green Tree Frog (Dryophytes cinereus or Hyla cinerea)

Why the Cutest: It’s Louisiana’s official state amphibian, which is a state known for swamps and the Mississippi Delta. And we all know that swamps are the place where frogs love to be. With big eyes, smiling mouth, chunky build, lime green skin, and suction cup toes, it often sits completely still like a little statue to wedge itself into silly, relaxed resting positions. While is slow, deliberate stretches and measured movements look endearingly awkward.

Lifespan: Usually live about 2-5 years in the wild. Can live up to 6 in captivity, though some have reached 15-20 years. As tadpoles, predators include sunfish, bass, and dragonflies. As adults, predators include snakes, birds, and other frogs. Also prone to parasites such as nematodes, protozoans, and trematodes.

Location and Habitat: Usually lives in the Southeastern United States from Delaware to central Texas. Prefers to reside in small, early successional canopy gaps in forests with a permanent water source and filled with plentiful vegetation and bottom-landed forested area. Found both in natural and settled environments, often sighted in backyards with ponds, in garages, or in garden structures. Commonly resides in cypress ponds, water lily prairies, and marshes. Often seen perched on twigs, low branches, and grasses.

Diet: Primarily insectivores that mostly eat flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, cockroaches, spiders, beetles, crickets, and ants. Usually through nighttime ambush foraging. Though ingesting plant material isn’t uncommon.

Behavior: Is relatively sedentary and often stays within its localized home range. May venture to nearby woodlands in wetter regions but remains near water source in dry conditions. Will defend mate calling sites against foreign rivals and invaders using aggressive interactions. This can comprise of a combination of aggressive call signals and wrestling from males. Females usually breed once a year, though some have multiple clutches during a single mating season. A single clutch could contain as many as 400-1,200 eggs which females often lay in permanent bodies of water. Males use distinctive advertising calls to attract mates, which they often have to tweak due to immense pressure to make a unique one guaranteed to attract a female before grasping onto her to begin fertilization. Females often prefer the larger males and the low frequency calls. Oh, and males are polygynous so they’ll do this to as many as they could attract. All while satellite males stand by and let other males do the work before making a move. While their calls can be heard as far as 1-2 kilometers away. Is small and easily frightened so it doesn’t do well with frequent handling. Is nocturnal.

Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern but still face threats of habitat loss and climate change due to urbanization and severe wildfires. As forest canopies recover from wildfires, it needs alternative shelters with scientists in central Texas using PVC pipe artificial shelters.

Trivia: Can be used as bioindicators for aquatic contamination due to its thin skin. Can also be kept as pets.

Other Candidates: Swamp Rabbit, North American River Otter, Raccoon, and Virginia Opossum.

19. Maine

Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica)

Why the Cutest: Maine is the only state in the entire US where this bird breeds and only on a chain of small islands in the Gulf of Maine, which is a major draw for tourists. All thanks to the restoration efforts of Project Puffin since 1973, which hadn’t had a single bird there since 1885 due to overhunting. Biologists got some chicks in Newfoundland, fed them for a month, and put them in artificial sod burrows on Easter Egg Rock Island from that year to 1986, translocating 954 chicks in all. Even used decoys to give the illusion that an established colony existed. The re-establishment of this nesting colony proved successful that 4,000 of those birds nest on the islands off Maine’s coast each year. While the Seal Island National Wildlife Refuge has become one of the ultimate birder destinations. Called “clown of the sea” or “sea parrot” due to its striking appearance and large colorful bill, the Atlantic Puffin is a pigeon-sized seabird that spends most of its time bobbing in the ocean waves. Bright orange and red bills with expressive eye markings give it a cheerful, painted look along with that tuxedo plumage. Despite appearing graceful in air and water, it orchestrates clumsy landings and awkward waddling gaits on land. And who doesn’t like a puffin pair rubbing their bills together?

Lifespan: Usually live around 20-30 years. Predators include gulls, skuas, large fish, and seals. Prone to fleas and the guillemot tick.

Location and Habitat: Mostly lives in the North Atlantic, spending fall and winter in the open ocean and on coasts during the breeding season.

Diet: Mostly eat fish but can supplement with shrimp, crustaceans, molluscs, and polychaetae worms.

Behavior: Typically mates for life and returns to the exact same burrow year after year and restore bonds through billing (rubbing colorful bills together), nest building, and burrow repair. Though it can do some preening and guarding the burrow while waiting for its partner. Female only lays a single egg per year and both partners share incubation and parenting duties until the chick leaves the nest. Resides in clifftop nesting colonies during breeding season which is normally in the late spring and summer, which are often divided into sub colonies. Can dig its own burrow from a grassy clifftop or reuse existing holes. Lives a solitary existence at sea.

Conservation Status: Classified as Vulnerable due to historical overhunting, overfishing, ocean pollution like oil spills, and climate change limiting food supply.

Trivia: Can flap its wings 400 per minute and reach flying speeds of 55 mph. Molts at sea during the winter in which its brightly colored characteristics are lost before returning during the spring. Can be excellent bioindicators for ocean environment. Official bird symbol of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. Uses semi-extended wings as “paddles” to fly through the water and its feet as a rudder. Can swim fast, reach significant depths up to 200ft, and stay submerged for up to a minute. Can swallow small fish while submerged but must bring larger specimens to the surface before it could eat them. Can hold dozens of fish in its beak at one time. Beaks can glow under ultraviolet light.

Other Candidates: Black-Capped Chickadee, Snowshoe Hare, Northern Saw-Whet Owl, North American Porcupine, and Eastern Chipmunk.

20. Maryland

Delmarva Peninsula Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger cinereus)

Why the Cutest: Maryland takes up much of the Delmarva Peninsula and had a lot to do with restoring this squirrel’s population. This is an extra-large and fluffy squirrel with thick, silvery fur, short nose, and round face that seems extra plump and cuddly. It’s also known to be very calm, slow moving, and relaxed compared to its more common jittery counterparts.

Lifespan: Typically lives 9-13 years in the wild but 18 years in captivity.  Most die within the first year.

Location and Habitat: Lives in eastern Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia along the Delmarva Peninsula. Preferred habitat are mature hardwood and pine forests with open understories.

Diet: Eats nuts and seeds from many trees like oak, hickory, sweet gum, walnut, loblolly pine along with green pine cones.

Behavior: Make dens in tree hollows where it makes a nest of leaves and twigs in the tree’s crotch, in a trunk’s tangled vines, or near the end of a large branch. Mating occurs late winter and early spring. Females produce a litter of 1-6 young which she raises herself. Diurnal and non-territorial. Is asocial and solitary, coming into contact with its own kind during breeding season.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Vulnerable due to habitat loss in extensive development that only 10% of its historical population was still around by the 1960s. Numbers have recover within the next several decades thanks to some habitat restoration efforts but there’s still plenty of work to be done.

Trivia: Use trees to elude predators. Said to have a large vocabulary of clucking and chucking sounds. Warn of approaching threats with distress screams and high-pitched whines during mating. Stands upright with tail over back when in contact with another fox squirrel. But most vocalization comprises barks.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, American Mink, Least Weasel, Piping Plover, and Raccoon.

The United States of Cuteness: Part 1 – Alabama to Georgia

Although cuteness is often subjective, it’s also a common feature in the animal kingdom. In many nature documentaries, you’ll find plenty of adorable creatures that will warm, melt, or break your heart. But if you live in the United States of America, know that there are plenty of cute creatures out there and you don’t always need to go to a zoo to see them. In this series, we’ll look at the fifty of the most adorable creatures from the United States. But first, each cute creatures must follow a certain criteria:

  1. Must be an adult – although there are plenty of cute babies animals out there, they don’t always stay that way. For instance, many species of seal pups are irresistibly cute but they don’t always retain much of the cuteness when they get older. So the animal has to be cute in adult form in order to qualify.
  2. Must be wild – sure, we all think pets and farm animals are adorable, but we can’t have any pet or livestock breeds. Thus, the animals have to live in a wild setting. Feral animals don’t count because they’re once domesticated.
  3. Must be native – in other words, it can’t be an animal one can see at the zoo. Nor can it be anything introduced within human habitation or expand range. For instance, the Mexican Long-Nosed Armadillo might seem like a great cute animal to represent Texas but its presence in the United States only dates to the 19th century. Thus, the animal must be native to its representative state.

In this post, we’ll meet a little beach mouse from Alabama, a couple of foxes in Alaska and California, a little owl in Arizona, an iconic songbird in Arkansas, a Rocky Mountain potato in Colorado, a rabbit in Connecticut, a little shorebird in Delaware, a celebrated marine mammal in Florida, and a unique little duck in Georgia.

  1. Alabama

Alabama Beach Mouse (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates)

Why the Cutest: It’s 3 inches long with big eyes and large ears. Nonetheless, it’s one of the more unique critters found in Alabama, even if it’s one that’s not as often seen there.

Lifespan: Usually 9 months in the wild and up to 6 years in captivity. Key predators are domestic and wild cats, domestic dogs, foxes, great horned owls, blue herons, raccoons, birds, and snakes.

Location and Habitat: It primarily lives within its Gulf Coast. Often lives in frontal scrub or sand dunes.

Diet: Often comprises of seeds and fruits from coastal plants like sea oats and beach grass along with occasional insects.

Behavior: Has lifelong monogamous pairs that often produce 3-4 offspring per litter. It also digs underground burrows for shelter and food storage. Nocturnal and generally avoids humans, buildings, and trash.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Endangered due to coastal buildings, hurricanes, and loss of dunes. Protected by state and federal laws found in areas like Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge and Gulf State Park.

Trivia: Often spreads and buries seeds in its home range, which help grow plants that stabilize the sand dunes.

Other Candidates: Perdido Key Beach Mouse, Southern Flying Squirrel, Eastern Chipmunk, and Appalachian Cottontail.

2. Alaska

Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Why the Cutest: Its fluffy white winter coat, short muzzle, rounded ears, furry paws, and bright, dark, expressive eyes makes it look like a small puppy dog anyone would want to pet (even in its summer coat) or a floating cloud of fur. Still, when it comes to cute animals, Alaska is one of the most wildlife-rich states with plenty of competition. But the Arctic fox stands out because its cuteness embodies the state’s characteristic Arctic spirit.

Lifespan: In the wild most usually don’t live past their first year. But should a fox cub be lucky to reach adulthood, it can expect to live for 3 or 4 years. However, some exceptional ones could live up to the ripe old age of 11. While the oldest recorded age was 16. Predators include domestic dogs, golden eagles, bald eagles, snowy owls, hawks, Arctic wolves, polar bears, wolverines, red foxes, and brown bears.

Location and Habitat: Live in the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere within the Arctic tundra. In Alaska, it can reside from treeless coastal tundra and pack ice as well as rocky coastline cliffs from the Aleutian Islands to Utqiagvik and the Canadian border. Known to migrate toward sea ice in the winter and returns inland during the spring.

Diet: Has a large varied omnivorous diet. Preys on lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. Also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, insects, and other small invertebrates.

Behavior: They form monogamous pairs during the breeding season (usually in April and May) and stay together to raise their young in complex underground dens. But both females and males can be promiscuous if there are abundant prey and predators present. Other family members may occasionally assist in raising the pups. Can produce between 3-25 pups at a time.

Conservation Status: Although listed as Least Concern, they do face significant threat in certain areas in its own range due to climate change, habitat loss, competition with other animals such as the red fox, disease, and other factors.

Trivia: It sheds twice a year switching between a short, brown and cream, lighter summer coat and a long, thicker, white winter coat (actually twice as long as its summer coat. Come in white and blue morphs. Winter coat provides the best insulation of any mammal. Also possesses exceptional hearing to locate prey under the snow.

Other Candidates: Sea Otter, Horned Puffin, Tuffed Puffin, Collared Pika, Lemming, Boreal Chickadee, and Red Fox.

3. Arizona

Elf Owl (Micrathene whitneyi)

Madera Canyon 20120429

Why the Cutest: Arizona has no shortage of cute critters. But the elf owl stands out because Arizona is its primary American residence. It’s also the world’s smallest bird of prey that’s only 5-6 inches tall and weighing at 1.4 oz which is similar to a sparrow. Helps if males make cute, puppy-like yipping noises to defend their territory and attract mates. Other cuteness features include big yellow eyes, soft plumage, and feisty personality.

Lifespan: Usually live from 3-6 years in the wild but can live up to 10 in captivity. Common causes of death are predation, exposure, and intra-species competition. Predators are usually jays, hawks, and bigger owls.

Location and Habitat: Resides in the Southwestern US and Mexico, spending spring and summer in the former and winter in the latter. Often found in arid deserts, canyon woodlands, and brushy terrain.

Diet: Primarily hunts insects, particularly flying ones. But it will also occasionally feed on small mammals, reptiles, and birds.

Behavior: Nests in old woodpecker holes in saguaro cacti or trees and are notoriously territorial. Like most owls, it is nocturnal. Is usually monogamous during the breeding season (usually laying between 1-5 eggs) and typically remains in breeding pairs as parents with the mom watching over the kids and the dad constantly out hunting for the whole family. This lasts until spring (such as late March to early May) to as late as July. But can be found in small groups during the Mexican migration season and when mobbing predators.

Conservation Status: Although listed as Least Concern, their populations have significantly declined due to habitat loss thanks to human development and introduction of invasive species, particularly in California. It’s said that there are fewer than 150,000 in the United States.

Trivia: Removes the stinger from scorpions before eating them. Can play dead when handled, an adaptation that encourages a predator to relax its grip so the owl could escape. Males and females have distinct vocalizations with the former having a more complex repertoire than the latter.

Other Candidates: Coatimundi, Kit Fox, Ringtail, Sonoran Desert Toad, and Javelina.

4. Arkansas

Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)

Why the Cutest: It is a 6.3-8.3 inch songbird and ball of colorful fluff has been a longtime favorite of birders since colonial days. Males have a deep royal blue head and back with a rusty orange breast. It also has a large round head, big dark eyes, and quiet, calm posture when perched. While it makes soft, waroling, musical call instead of harsh chirps. Since Arkansas isn’t known to have many distinctive critters to stand out, an American one would do just nicely.

Lifespan: Adults typically lives around 6-10 years though most usually die within the first year of life. Causes of death are often starvation, freezing, and predation. Predators include eastern chipmunks, flying squirrels, American black bears, fire ants, raccoons, rat snakes, eastern racers, American kestrels, falcons, owls, domestic cats, and hawks.

Location and Habitat: Found across the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, southern Canada, and parts of Central America. Northern groups move south for the winter. Southern populations reside in their home range all-year-round. Prefer to reside in open country, farms, pastures, roadside edges, parks, and golf courses with scattered trees.

Diet: Food intake depends on the season. During the spring and summer, it mostly eats insects like caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, and spiders. During the fall and winter, it shifts to eating wild berries, sumac, and small fruits.

Behavior: Typically nests in wooden tree hollows or wooden nest boxes because it can’t carve it own holes. Like most birds, it’s monogamous during breeding season and can lay up to 2-7 eggs per clutch as well as raise up to 3 broods a year. Also typically social, sometimes gathering in flocks of over a hundred.

Conservation Status: Once considered Endangered during much of the 20th century due to habitat loss and competition with invasive starlings and house sparrows and the presence of DDT. But populations rebounded thanks to the Bluebird Nesting Program. Today it’s listed as Least Concern. However, as far as backyard birding is concerned, they’re not exactly a type of bird you’d see every day.

Trivia: Perches on low posts or tree branches before dropping to the ground to catch prey. Has been popular with Americans since colonial times and often associated with the coming of spring.

Other Candidates: Eastern Chipmunk, Southern Flying Squirrel, North American River Otter, and Gray Fox.

5. California

Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis)

Why the Cutest: First, while California wildlife has a treasure trove of cute critters, the Island Fox is one that exclusively resides there. Second, when you first see an adult version of this cat-sized animal, you’d almost swear that it was just a gray fox pup that’s just left the den. It’s also generally docile, shows little fear of humans, and are easily tamed.

Lifespan: Usually live around 4-6 years in the wild and up to 8 years in captivity. Eagles are often its natural predators.

Location and Habitat: Lives on 6 of the 8 Channel Islands of California. Preferred habitat comprises of complex vegetation with perennially fruiting bushes. But it lives in most types of habitats like temperate forests, grasslands, and chaparrals.

Diet: Eats fruits, insects, eggs, land snails, crabs, lizards, amphibians, small mammals, and edible human garbage. Known for scavenging for food on the coastline.

Behavior: Is mostly a solitary animal and diurnal (though some nocturnal populations exist). Although they have complex communication dynamics such as vocalizations, body posture, facial expressions, and urination to mark territory. Typically form monogamous pairs from January and through the breeding season from late February to early March. Typical litters produce 1-5 pups with an average of 2 or 3.

Conservation Status: Currently classified as Near Threatened due to recovery efforts after facing significant declines in the 1990s that made them Critically Endangered. This was due to golden eagle predation, the presence of feral pigs that the National Park Service later eradicated on the Channel Islands, disease, and the introduction of invasive species. But in the last decade, Island Fox populations have recently rebounded but they’re not quite out the woods. Especially since climate change poses a significant threat to the species with rising temperatures, vegetation loss, drought, and wildfire frequency.

Trivia: Said to evolve from the larger mainland Gray Fox and has resided in the Channel Islands for over 7,000 years possibly with the assistance of human populations. Plays an important role by native Channel Islanders who semi-domesticated them as pets, for pelts, or other functions such as pest control. Skilled at climbing trees.

Other Candidates: Sea Otter, American Pika, Ringtail, and Narrow-Face Kangaroo Rat.

6. Colorado

American Pika (Ochotona princeps)

Why the Cutest: As Colorado is the Rocky Mountain State, the American Pika is an iconic Rocky Mountain critter. These Rocky Mountain potatoes resemble a hardy, fuzzy mountain mouse. They’re also vocal animals using a variety of calls and songs to warn of approaching predators and during breeding season.

Lifespan: Usually live around 3-7 years in the wild. Predators include eagles, hawks, coyotes, bobcats, cougars, foxes, and weasels.

Location and Habitat: Native to the mountainous regions of western North America, typically inhabiting rocky slopes and talus fields at or above the tree line.

Diet: It’s a generalist herbivore that eats a wide range of vegetation such as various sedges, grasses, thistles and fireweed.

Behavior: Doesn’t hibernate during the winter and is primarily active during the day. Doesn’t dig burrows but may enlarge existing in the talus to create shelter. Establishes dens and nests below rock surfaces. Forms mating pairs with those of the opposite sex in adjacent territory during breeding season before the snowmelt. Females have an average litter of 3 young and will only raise a second litter if the first fails to survive. Territorial defense often involves aggressive displays and confrontation are often rare, usually between same-sex neighbors who don’t know each other.

Conservation Status: Although it’s listed as Least Concern, its populations in the Southwest have been declining due to habitat loss and climate change.

Trivia: Forages through direct consumption and caching vegetation in so-called “hay piles” for the summer months. Despite resembling a chunky mouse, it’s actually more closely related to rabbits and hares.

Other Candidates: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Yellow-Bellied Marmot, and Red Fox.

7. Connecticut

New England Cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis)

Why the Cutest: It is New England’s only native rabbit. Furthermore, in 2013, Connecticut’s state government embarked on a project in Litchfield County to set aside significant amount of land for a meadowland and a second-growth forest that the rabbit needs. Has soft-gray and brown fur, rounded ears with distinct black margins, and a fluffy white tail. Helps if it bears a similar resemblance to the Eastern Cottontail. And who doesn’t love rabbits?

Lifespan: Usually live up to 3 years in the wild. That is if it’s among the 15% who survive its first year. Predators include weasels, domestic cats, domestic dogs, red foxes, fishers, birds of  prey, coyotes, bobcats, gray wolves, eastern cougars, wolverines, and Canada lynx.

Location and Habitat: Lives in fragmented populations across New England from southern Maine to Southern New York along with a small area in Quebec. Prefers woodlands of higher elevation and northern latitude. Thrives in early successional forests with a dense understory of thick, tangled scrubland or brushland vegetation.

Diet: Herbivorous with a diet based on the seasons. Spring and summer cuisine comprise of herbaceous plants like leaves, stems, wood, bark, flowers, fruits, and seeds from grasses and forbs. Fall and winter fare consists of mostly woody plants.

Behavior: Builds nests in depressions which it lines with grasses and fur and are often reluctant to leave cover, rarely straying 16 ft from shelter. Breeding season can range from January to September with females able to breed 2-3 times a year producing litters of 3-8. Form breeding groups of dominant females. Males perform courtship displays of running and jumping with them jumping over a female. Females often appear indifferent up to the point of being paired off and display dominance through nesting, birth, and nursing periods to avoid harassment by uninvolved males. Males have no investment in their young. Is shy   and mostly nocturnal.

Conservation Status: Currently listed as Vulnerable since 1996 due to reduction in suitable habitat, introduction of the Eastern Cottontail in the early 1900s which has taken over many areas, introduction of certain invasive plants like the multiflora rose, and increase density of the White-Tailed Deer.

Trivia: To avoid predators, it runs for cover, freeze, relies on camouflage, or runs in a zig-zag pattern to confuse its enemies.

Other Candidates: Eastern Chipmunk, Northern Flying Squirrel, North American River Otter, Black-Capped Chickadee, Red Fox, and Eastern Cottontail.

8. Delaware

Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)

Why the Cutest: This little guy was featured in its very own Pixar short called Piper and for good reason. Even if the plover in question was only a chick. Having a large, round head, a short, thick neck, and a stubby bill, these stubby and sandy-colored balls of fluff also vocalize with soft, whistled peep peeps with their alarm call a soft pee-werp. Typically runs in short, quick spurts before stopping with fast, comical steps. Newborn chicks resemble walking puff balls on  spindly legs.

Lifespan: Usually live up to around 5-6 years, though some have been known to live as long as 11-14 or more. Even though most deaths occur within the first few weeks of life or during long migrations. Predators include crows, cats, raccoons, and foxes.

Location and Habitat: Lives in Atlantic coastal beaches and along the shores of the Great Lakes. Although it migrates to the southern Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean during the winter. Sometimes even as south as Ecuador and Venezuela. Prefers to reside in open sand or gravel beaches, sand dunes, and barrier islands along the Atlantic Coast, Great Plains, and Great Lakes.

Diet: Mainly eats insects, marine worms, and crustaceans. Typically forages around the high tide wrack zones and along the water’s edge.

Behavior: Females lay 2-4 eggs inside shallow depressions (scrapes) dug in dirty sand, which males dig. Males also perform elaborate courtship ceremonies, including stone tossing and flights featuring repeated dives. If a female deems a male’s scrapes as sufficient, she will mate with him. Both males and females share in incubation duties and eggs usually hatch on the same day.

Conservation Status: Listed as Near Threatened due to historical feather hunting, ongoing habitat loss, and climate change. Conservation groups have used beach cordons, symbolic fencing, and educational outreach to help chicks survive. One area reserved for them is in Delaware’s Cape Henlopen State Park. But while recovery efforts yielded slow population growth, only some populations have met recovery goals set for them.

Trivia: Parents often pull off a “broken wing display” whenever a predator may threaten their chicks’ safety.  

Other Candidates: Delmarva Peninsula Fox Squirrel, North American River Otter, Gray Fox, Red Fox, Black-Capped Chickadee, and Harbor Seal.

9. Florida

West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)

Why the Cutest: The West Indian Manatee is among Florida’s most iconic animals. Called the “sea cow,” its endearing with its chubby body, wrinkly, whiskered face, and slow, peaceful, sweet and curious personality. This makes the manatee seem to resemble a giant, friendly water potato. Baby manatees often look extra small and playful next to their mothers.

Lifespan: Typically lives around 30-40 years though can live up to 60 years in the wild. Oldest captive manatee was 69. Many die much younger due to human and environmental hazards. Has no natural predators.

Location and Habitat: Native to warm, coastal areas of the Caribbean from the eastern US to northern Brazil. Inhabit mostly shallow coastal areas, including rivers and estuaries. Have been spotted as far north as Massachusetts, as west as the Gulf Coast of Texas, and as far inland as Memphis, Tennessee. 

Diet: Feeds on aquatic plants like seagrass as a principal staple. But also eats grasses, roots, leaves, and algae. Grazes up to 4-5 hours a day. Though some individuals do eat the occasional marine invertebrate but often inadvertently.

Behavior: Is often solitary but aggregate in warm water habitats and form breeding herds with larger and older males often dominating. Yet, they don’t form permanent pair bonds males contribute no parental care for the calves. Females usually give birth to one calf though twins can occur. Calves stay close to their mothers though.

Conservation Status: Classified as Near Threatened due to historical exploitation, watercraft collisions, loss of warm-water habitat, harmful algae blooms, entanglement, entrapment, and ingestion of debris. Although populations in Florida have increased due to conservation efforts but intervention needs to be continued.

Trivia: Uses its whiskers to navigate through the water. Can withstand major changes in salinity so can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. Since it eats abrasive plants, their molars are often worn down and replaced many times throughout its life. Can grow up to 13ft long and weigh up to 1,300lbs.

Other Candidates: Key Deer, Bottlenose Dolphin, North American River Otter, and Burrowing Owl.

10. Georgia

Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)

Why the Cutest: With its small, chunky shape with a thick neck and oversized, spiky tail cocked straight up, the ruddy duck is a charming bird in American waterways. The bright chestnut-red male has a black and white had and sports a vivid blue bill, making it look like a ducky cartoon character. It’s often aggressive and beats bubbles during courtship. So it’s no wonder that it’s considered as one of the cutest waterfowl.

Lifespan: Usually lives 2-3 years in the wild, though oldest recorded lifespan was 13 years. Can live up to 20 years in the wild. Causes of death are predation and hunting. Predators include minks, raccoons, red foxes, red-tailed hawks, and great horned owls.

Location and Habitat: Lives in North and Central America. Resides primarily in freshwater marshes, prairie ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Migrate to coastal bays in unfrozen lakes and ponds.

Diet: Primarily eats aquatic insects, crustaceans, small mollusks, and plant seeds.

Behavior: Known for being fiercely aggressive and pugnacious during the breeding season, sometimes even chasing small animals near the water’s edge. Males produce a distinct drumming sound by beating their lower bill on their chest. Done hard enough, this drumming that often swirls of bubbles appear in the water in a process called “bubbling” which could be done while confronting other meals or courting a female. Nest I n dense marsh thickets near water with females building nests out of grass within tall vegetation to hide from predators. Females lay remarkably large eggs relative to their body size, often 5-15 of them. Yet, while the male protects the female during incubation, he takes no part in duckling rearing. Ducklings are highly independent, able to swim and dive within the first day of hatching. Females could also lay their eggs in other nests.

Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern and is considered invasive outside the US, particularly in Great Britain.

Trivia: Has short wings relative to its body size, meaning it needs to start running across the water’s surface to take flight. Is an expert diver that propels itself with large feet to forage underwater.

Other Candidates: North American River Otter, Gray Fox, Southern Flying Squirrel, Black-Capped Chickadee, and Virginia Opossum.